%PDF-1.7 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 20 0 R ] /Count 2 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 12 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 15 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 16 0 R /GS2 17 0 R /GS3 18 0 R /GS4 19 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Producer (dompdf 1.0.2 + CPDF) /CreationDate (D:20260217041734+00'00') /ModDate (D:20260217041734+00'00') >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 13 0 R ] /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3455 >> stream xZv6+Lq3$;$$$ J$)R:=/P $If3i*n@߄Aݼy!$bYǍoRDiǭ?Ňi/߉Gg(Gfg"|u_%A"K ,g8H!/??f13eL>^pÛO; a,N"߉lnf ]HyFp5k_O\X"(y}RzQl8p(hYYCy$ 8ih2%Q b /3=8/`(0dqsOˠ3'dH^.N'ATjY:9N7:!QcOnwew>[t0Zl@ IXfn7oT5Yt[QAAt"j+qQԇc׏M}P/hjk14V0N=H w$24P% -tp nsE3w{,^0摡 3@ZAAI84f<ݒnޞw[ܭX:vaKEu#ƩW#iQbWU+^UةVU|[bw K f5 ,p9)cA A  ֨Jx2ǝJ y@m8'AQ 0n {rnΖٮF _"0OQ|pLtӸ:LU!t8^<}P,|sqXd(t==DmTߊhH4cS}۝FsF2_RI3KU4OΧ`Uwj4bH MS-!+8z$'FqcݱL(#,4Gh lQQ9{"29fE67KΞxǝ}JgO9(?{"hQdC3ѢC3ݐ'͖qrVli(S˗bl'ε W ZC~E8TD3a**Kd2L N(]T&9Eeԥ8lL`y{^ie[iY,0({$i \T<-9v7[qgY鳥e _AA/E,7|*)ѯghpڪ0?,ţjf sĊLVz\zVRʊzճDՄL8y{޴H'V7Ggy WJd4GmQQs,!gJx}ƴ Us>g8GȽt_gQp\Ζ?r@VnWO0.+Iɦv3 pG]L(a} z-O&re-.4d;]R)AHeh}\,t螁_¹=83М\^/B->_ߵϪן2Bï߽ZQh1 u5Ͳ[ 6fiuBEgEb5xz1uN]w!D̗0L)զ; qPcƃDZȠ_Ѷ80+zHՊL Eϡ}hAyPȽ$zL2+ Qe!^! :W"gL?*1 U Eo>| qFz0wYIj$F:nj;0' n)ywe7y'tOh_h.MɨQ$?/ endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F5 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 14 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 420.3275 656.7992 543.5706 671.0849 ] >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://ben-global.net/ben-panels/air-pollution-urbanization/) >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 200 /Height 200 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 11857>> stream JFIFC     C   "  tKEc-gWOGݵnu;s]gIKٿ9s nV׊#XJ6ާMm=q64E"twnǪ"q*"B7Ky6Uj|mUjsX|8zo%Ʀw Qj=>yAJ՞Mekjc6^xxxt/G67%F0Y צں+n~?1L tq kE^l8 M>rlF;vhZLvZѽOd/2C ;gƘ&wC mls`0''ԛ!nԧ8kR1kNH{vGBÅ ã{"=]-s[e/H'{?i؂# `D՟|Z,U{]8OՒ7R,x) 8Qp$I^PTS >zQn3!Wz.2{T| ^Kik1` xp<2X&x`+b!05 #%3$24601!"B3ZƐYXW֞kgK253 Av:1~Q8**~88xMIZM2A"蠬LΥNn&9Lk]?|IflEF3$BO!{l^n<* Y^@r+PKKO̝ 3(f,|Fd Gڌ$Xz$KobԲwT;VMl ;T5%.!iq:G< T J-qxjVNOR~2'V-#=;I79R;s19|p9'qNiNbq5V;>L}-yq_଀d'{Nmp$~,'DnEa!viAF TӧB4tyJAgJ?f#UuC>-መ~QD+5`6~ 7Fs7< ßbCY1v" DP&':~_:[K jF6vC {>s7O1̾^f܈{l7)9BH%NL4+$mZ[1l ua/ Ye[bg/=JHV u0[᮷.JCQf' ٍ O2A MseA?އڔ֕+rn L4!_xrR~IC; }Xg6uy8 @D]&h=uԽUƛ)[9gj79塿^Fi/!){.XkmqYV1/ͷQpph9[J%jgmFaJ0',TDowC G^Ue0k&r.*Ú`sB@;4i1:^qymnqX,k aR&حZٰlr<]y  .ĤٍL(jI%9e@Պ\9†f~14dklI ®#(̡2\ [@~UkVy dܞҠA,I*>⶜W}-fz=&K2WH8}d>Gև6Rʦz\s@NUpH"RZnS(d$Y{7gq< KMSZR5J1Döã ϖ|9壓_ GDz~1lknc4eF +HUڸ*YA8ŧ@\-g6K7:y!`@ =͵㑄_^"K@j^guQu_&.ȹRXLS,]VN?yͦAfӈ˯"G5Ib| QȟU3_/CGFdI:'|"ՙN%/4&%!u׌纎 ԰JA{)H9:[bgcZYEʍK:̶}f*e*>IZոkZLN:qTv֤GmiiufKD4 ͤUpp7Z ݰ^8&B υd,%Mw,! 0123Aq"Q$a?6Яv9kۘB,FO!Q" r|E2r:_e>Y^|ȁ D~=m:2Ԭ̹n\1eq9m|v| :;~:mXa*}>;TvIZiaG:!"1AQq #2Bar3C0Rbs$S4c?3_WV=ԉ)"~w XhMq%>\ #^)0%)9-Hz298=on[Jtway4 p;/ G yJUr +.~4Q9->j҃HȠqZ6*VX]i֤`ں*Oox<8Tq٦+}6)9ϙRM/;%]Tqe.T'Gʃ)=~XF?~ ۟{59tuSC1!BwGfDQ]r1&ݼI$xFxdO|{"q?z0Z W%թIV\undFr_Ndi5]Nm^G}LЩ\XKƝwEcğ=Oۭ$ik! 1ƹaXK,0zxPݨQqHY8@~53ZpΣ|rM=3Ѽ":=2H5j?C_ظ6GlQHVMCMqMŏ-._m.o* "wD#k;%~`R@k ڮR܃RHG_OwFp~~~GtH pA+BKE .<%iNx{2 +vlein&RAkn  &ҡ} uTۧB43rvH{c~VTZ $n+yR5JqV#ңOblۯ,p4xդVrNiIK< IZX*[1sI3Aѩ,8 ?8[I:y,YzWqn4)?):~6uцݴT/j3H1BֆRԒJ72"i=clTW>2j ~59$e[ыOuSn/r٠;dP"!LzfG5IytC"kdzP[X5rO=Ǚҽ\ei}Qx)Qx]}effF8=;7:L7S%O3z԰`x|Ё҃O̓xVIշ񒴯|rf%Dq(*2 x|D_派c>MDO/[ Y9wrOȾBҷWO֕weMFD)n :Zx-/UCohmK&\H!I#t5zvYv$sR} r9Xԑʡ'_"miuxԟmm.75)_Vk|vbllQo| !6l]Zk-;ձƮf2<YIߏYXD.-e׍\*h4hu_U wy%e8jfK.)кXB~(7U- i0*Vp4ofwngD#4V|SXH=+b>s7A:\{X_OƯZHqM'4!A un_ClN2U]?Ҷq\L$n֭3ʸҹM"O)WOc[r1>ڗ =ki$HN4S޶唷Rol[aԏl6r(<W]B.Mp-$x<@5v'VB/\7(ӏ,VȀIyҶkf1kJiwmkg 1@*y9F7w^h..!e խ̯ea[&%k2s5m9XW t~*.G[K L"} jLo[WE Ghd'@PhGA u&,ɜZ#ԤȦV5j?[NLIJP) []ǎۘ_?0HS܍45R},/|S1 qқ VZ26Zdj<s7A|3]N73/ F4vK ;5"vLA&p-OvwJYgI120]X,)%n'c{{3~ ļ"\MMV}d0駒F)JDVR ZmrCJTo i#" $,&jOc3 OZ֭PTR)Uh6"2Yt\]ү-%GY`Ej?AoKQPi:Bɋ{0F+|¥r55>mEkM"'^5!:23v`cR'`Ni Bt5tOLҏ7B7r#Vkz3*ޮ Z̩4ݏ[P 0Kªz5iPny'mU}rcg`sݏLoC'WWxKNFVI8hއ奋C;1vRћ]lKA ftgRNy1MxX1*f&+n`ljvc/xE.TG~T7׉l/Ņ0ǘqHS}jVTRzX&X[PyCo68`B柔wl$i-rt,[X qF%(ݭRFPXV&hxZ9U˶«Mw6 @aԼp@kD`ʭDc`{%wb__Mbw ^ @jg(n@ڐR2Λc$ye5!))5eR[.(o)L!4wtSOg6/єP ]1%ySj`GU_1@68i|I9 ^ڥvMN05e$*ɺ wb]_ycͺź NJqz j|R<`(2I>Tn_Q/,Jw ߊzﱫ"+G>Me#ϲ;Q*=׵&R ‰|ÿ5t-n؈kBT gpKX$y=g CpC+.=k_֓YH"^-_cԎʮ c={@cDOgtc.٤1,$, lDph$s\VWU,>_N.] hm~bcܛ$J hv0-- 0 .&WCZAQnb_ECHGG!=,3\exr?#v P24 )&j? Ek#YO<[,XOBSõx=f @ Lb׍&?E+o F2(\S@yQ0|sG !c%/H^K1G8W ~?al /q:%]F<%V/vF4\R0b_`X ֌0@N?q)W<p{%2?[CM9{]FnqghC0Ϸ"! 1A0Qaq?Day߮&44\`.)oKg9[6hLaR<:1꺭/|C-gb1DK:|cfsUd^fUkn2iv0zLzor@fm 9`۴x&!1AQaq ?XQ$𲪏be?} 21U {DPB^(:Vv!F p3 $,ʀK(7!_q.3SRr5OcYuXp0 e\KKGANbQ`Y}^xbYy"0CU˟``FuÉP-n6{ࠉ'zQ|ef e(ᘻ!"T 2=H98%c}9AT)֒gRG "R3vc^&c"THq@=9rc .+M-nXٙ%J*``)~q} 1LWCP {#.;BEt_Oq4(pZ["^Jez5C淚u5J"W4QEΘCG K?#m`S`1ZDlq$/E˶~nt,WEBh凜K̬EbD>d8ӻ7%yPd:븝ϓ[k8RN<6X0TH4İ(U HC8.ĩ_yHjRf*0ʳҚ/wyneY1iL @WMߴaKQ6C_EdG\8fT]B"(\$trȢ%$XL@e7eBCeX胩r[J.̶dQD ~ סHP>GBGTbMR:x)bVh&0e3w3ҙA! :rt͵bgN#-k-Tr̕9TBIhzq:n tYxU5k{Lq //xŠJz]/`URVzhGu-B\QԮ#)s1тr&^"OÏp e F@ۃL 5La_H=s-wgJn0 HUѼmq.q0gWg _0E%a4Yqhc⎇X[xsVe*zj^EAh{AM|@vq5P,hT-]q5.L8R%6LEce[ BQ؋lHW(Lw] .kV <-7#_ݳA4̕h^E*uʉ!]HK]ܢ{6fW},:jq i&.F~5 Q0T+#`jK)b*-c)S"eƐ#!TtxmSacb3{DřqTfPL}6l-uPAv: DЋrbx!q@-S_qLnOf&s#NE3`*5|d'8:*l=墱,#2L8.SRlzg )/xoP[@7%)H/GRMꀶUF N$v;_jnq+Oާz TeyR(j=ňƂp`VXl6+iD.]~ U )7Rw{n\,2d9{͏ZtUkr_|ǒE_vYe[Y(t-0H krPjA[5 Pc ƱU*7(Ytm㖣Q[URN NbFfGXxE,ex@Jhv6`mNJCR+W\ cEqYu+5wc4hX˦%hjMEb}յ1mAvUwkHEXlP>pTf$騫0i*X _hU$"sT*?I55 @3|WMIިN=qIJc2ZpX lxzQ;Vۣlp vV{f'30+|xU,6ܥH,jħL(р[LC>Gؤb-Y7_6^w ۄxJqWP xG*\ endstream endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.3 >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 0.3 >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 1 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 1 >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 21 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1327 >> stream xVr6}Wc2#ü_&m4I "1q]ӎ="-gϞ],"e"_K;HEphV -\Bkl'X,݆*%e@$OC4?"`ߌzeFA-W:qN~pFB$/˃Wg^d'Wha `0f5V) kD(r zTE;gQ$ICi"g'QdX6 dc=o3`{ñʠQy$n°}51r퀭4o6B IAzcg-V Jc5o8^9C uzo{jA2ra`=r;--6bH(ʄ$e&HC*}ѫhzt650y3m?@,R~7ʰv~|Rc s))qCI=/Q_nQ'Hb@uH֗Lul n@w aqSÌ+њ 4 v>-K?Fa^ԤCyQtDqD! `İYcaOܪCGa׫q$Bkа$q4Ӱ7L˩Ӽ bMM YD*=XAi;eV>IN˃;4wV=4=c0Ԇ# TM>=T} zj=rt޲j(0TKJN:JYG.Hxj8sL {;W+Yv8/ g8M??q(HDRMXWN ~spLҒIUT>@q~כaq-pX~ˋk-HeT)S|y tB(QU-ޤ;敆eǫwǵ.;fyip1jhי ?R\b+B-$YgwO1t=qs"HqEYݮ8뉿sspp ԛS8qO0 NY9psw@t)L9i ,iCR2sy*kxGޡ0h8qG" endstream endobj xref 0 22 0000000000 65535 f 0000000009 00000 n 0000000074 00000 n 0000000120 00000 n 0000000417 00000 n 0000000454 00000 n 0000000603 00000 n 0000000725 00000 n 0000004253 00000 n 0000004362 00000 n 0000004470 00000 n 0000004578 00000 n 0000004691 00000 n 0000004807 00000 n 0000004935 00000 n 0000005047 00000 n 0000017073 00000 n 0000017132 00000 n 0000017191 00000 n 0000017248 00000 n 0000017305 00000 n 0000017410 00000 n trailer << /Size 22 /Root 1 0 R /Info 5 0 R /ID[<262134c7b969400f540c6b6e2a640fc4><262134c7b969400f540c6b6e2a640fc4>] >> startxref 18811 %%EOF Air Pollution – Bangladesh Environment Network

Air Pollution

    PANEL MEMBERS  

Relevant facts

  • Quality of air is one of the most important dimensions of environment.
  • The nature of air pollution in urban areas generally differs from than in rural areas.
  • While urban air pollution is more an outdoor phenomenon, with vehicular emission and other modern sources of pollutants playing a more important role, rural air pollution is more an indoor phenomenon, with emission from biomass used for cooking playing a more important role and affecting women and children more than adult men.
  • Campaign by BAPA and other pro-environmental groups persuaded the government to ban in 2002 Two Stroke Engine Vehicles (TSEV) from the streets of Dhaka and also to introduce CHG run vehicles, as result the city’s air quality has improved than what it was in the late 1990s.
  • Campaign by BAPA and other pro-environmental groups persuaded the government to switch from leaded to unleaded gasoline, as a result of which the lead content of city’s air is much less than what it was in the late 1990s.
  • Despite the positive steps above, urban air quality still remains alarmingly poor, due to increased traffic, presence of old and unfit vehicles on the streets, pollution from neighboring brick fields, construction work, industrial, household, and medical waste, disappearance of trees and water bodies, population growth, etc.
  • Sulfuric emissions from diesel using vehicles are a major source of air pollution.
  • Urban air pollution is a major reason for rising incidence of pulmonary diseases in urban areas.
  • Indoor air pollution from use of biomass for cooking continues to pose a serious threat to the health of women and children in rural areas.
  • Outdoor air pollution is spreading in rural areas too due to setting up of brick fields and industrial enterprises (in particular cement factories) that emit dust and fumes into the air.
  • While two-stroke engines vehicles have been banned in Dhaka city, these are allowed to ply in rural areas, spreading their back poisonous smoke.

BEN’s recommendation regarding air pollution

  1. Steps should be taken to reduce urban air pollution through
    1. reduction and ensuring more effective flow of traffic,
    2. removal of old and unfit vehicles from streets,
    3. conversion of more vehicles into CNG-based,
    4. requiring neighboring brick kilns to use gas or high quality coal instead of firewood, and to adopt more efficient method of firing that need less fuel and emit less smoke,
    5. reduction and more effective and hygienic disposal of industrial, household, and medical waste,
    6. increase in the number of trees and green areas and water bodies within the cities, and
    7. curbing population growth.
  2. Steps should be taken to stop spread of outdoor air pollution in rural areas by
    1. banning two-stroke engine vehicles throughout the country,
    2. requiring brick kilns use gas or high quality coal and adopt more efficient method of firing that need less fuel and emit less smoke, and
    3. requiring industrial enterprises to install appropriate scrubbers to filter out all pollutants from their gaseous emissions.
  3. All out measures should be taken to bring about a switch from the traditional, inefficient, smoke belching, open-hearth, earthen cooking stoves to closed, efficient, smoke free (or at least less smoke bellowing) cooking stoves, and in order to bring out this switch the government makes sure that the new, efficient stoves are available to the rural households at very low cost.
  4. The government needs to take steps for effective monitoring the air quality and disseminates the information on a regular basis through media, in a similar fashion as weather reports are disseminated.
  5. The government needs to make available health check up facilities so that affected people can have early diagnosis of developing pulmonary conditions and take precautionary measures to prevent deterioration.
© 2026 Bangladesh Environment Network