%PDF-1.7 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 24 0 R 31 0 R 39 0 R 43 0 R ] /Count 5 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 26 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 33 0 R /I2 34 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 20 0 R /GS2 21 0 R /GS3 22 0 R /GS4 23 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Producer (dompdf 1.0.2 + CPDF) /CreationDate (D:20251105081659+00'00') /ModDate (D:20251105081659+00'00') >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 12 0 R 14 0 R 16 0 R 18 0 R ] /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2572 >> stream xYrF}WGh٩DS(MI"ZU<ٟ:v (7%,Fι.\u]Zl?ܒq9mNo~I`n7Diw)(%:wC%+s|K;Uˬ^A?.w|O|׿Tž/^yy{z_mɻJ'O pVu@`1@.D_nHBi_/9d:Aβy6lC^ݼ^Ӧm*ڱC/dh] 4-mf ګݨ-pR=6oEb k-꺨7qPVz;ZGOl xk'E/ץr]sP]QSʜ&9"-MulXg吳lMMy|)r]}: 8pp@Xb; 'U΋tzEuV,iߪNհp ;žQpM0N\jj6·o FV`|i셡߳W*y^0jfUGHq$tj rl3j=N˟?A\tCّ@bV=4h@2f1Qj u:xwVl^# uq-RH!'Ћ4y wuRVC Q"qȆĺyP%ky1CUlm`șsUuHsDN 3"bU=;֦"Rr$lk^9T[wׯs`8 my_\jߴʐPS)GulLg|,98² ѱx* e5;.,%q(ù,d? ?휌cvGǖŽ5swe RK!Q@Sl fd mbũ>7>CCQ3 f{nEQaP)ݫÛC҉VN?3%Ζ4 Q55@t0Il m"CbK3i&Q:~j K蛷N:!^^*  s:MmTh[l=vQk>`6Zf%ʱY85#`.=v&_4HcR \ŏgŎ0" Vq9U9e3pv4)r5Zfhyaj1meNKm3 $Ors0K"vVy}HW+JeR`㚌Ц,Z&ME4iugر`AY3MmIb0 $RC㾇d}x~R%8pK}]ٝ3Vצ'XAh~]6(`Z(t8ȴX Cu%A=&G . rѵ Zf"uOebәDuQ:=!yabI/ G tłv2 oCdcx4y(j-kyleKޥkc6өmPıW+ڡ9lz aH#'H'czZN9 3/Z4ɃUmgj-j36" kdBl`tL]0J<}U[Acdž&γҲIiW$pQ $5Ρ4$v#_.p^]6E4O|h/}6EQ(FAb4x).9'Nk6bav<\ףO𷋿LhC=ωҴ@CA.nGYXק5Nxqӛo%HGѿk`?/ Q\~ѥy%,Ɯ9eś_m;~z<XH+yfr SVnoG)#RnݥGDžCd܅?Ϲ30pbϜ Qe|>TX`1uC5[-@ endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 13 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 35.0000 636.3468 40.9307 647.2002 ] >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 15 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 89.6840 351.2628 95.6147 362.1162 ] >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 17 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 197.0480 336.6108 202.9787 347.4642 ] >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 19 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 326.3987 151.4388 332.3293 162.2922 ] >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.3 >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 0.3 >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 1 >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 1 >> endobj 24 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 27 0 R 29 0 R ] /Contents 25 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2193 >> stream xXr8}WcJFx75v45INmE!'6*RaRV5]vڙ9XXR$Ja;Ilb:N_q{}PEĴkRMMwtթ[*ZN5F榥 d-B O7$6וK#wVYtUlF?PY"N;u˃S`6cGrW줧#w'uh=IBLF :ڐaC_hӲC2/a!ė{|2Hݶ<3snd9$żgw`P8Es_R\](MU+iU5ӟLb]ZٕS>Gnȑф:(xI I/1r,}PuҠF~XQ|V?H\Bέ '/ᵬ]$LI5h6\W(_a,+k,|wD\L98\|wJJu.gHCy;: `vuߨzdxELE`D^Լ<儬][U ,[cٵ-p ѹ9yo$q={hi|tr znlz Y2qE4O|c+sPM^(_Rhg*]>8tK= MJ9bDD7.\޻yyǙH#vӈJuRsYH5娈cQ&ז-e%4}Ww5cgw:wp+&WkxUi[vTHs5jck?57Džfs;bC5]>he_~JS+b9ȍj.'Our //d9[DKmavl<,rI|rxʬ9]~p n6:J7oD+ih׮]FSC@Z̃Ucl9>H;ỴKr5i y|~- hb_n$,7S<;E萿&DjNڃ"hT Ӯ*t/6N` endstream endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F5 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Oblique /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 28 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 349.4253 722.3847 355.3560 733.2380 ] >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 29 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 30 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 179.0720 264.8024 229.7480 277.0124 ] >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/) >> endobj 31 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 35 0 R 37 0 R ] /Contents 32 0 R >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2003 >> stream xXr6}WVU Gb)NYRV̠˘HT#Rƌ,Jt88L_OgaY928/a4W杤gd]qI1t_ЛdDpeV`]nYвlUIֺU{ _za=fmSѫgz{L.MU)`X4-4ɷ^} ӷg\IE)ULtͬ0"bNdA4= W q! R/:ZZeBg#25 cץZySۮnǦ{;SH#N.G']G=k]J.9Ls$X*0M^JuT̓mHE1mޙBUN krTyjz!vZ(T7(Z4A˸U[iQ);syf‘N D%2tqqˆ #_K !N=zC=6 \HϦ[E ǎQ+8'"ZJ ND ؒxQ3*qG+!!s׮k_:|B bch{ ј=PESJ;8qZc6zTVuԓR,B×_ Ao杧L.i1F@ϭ i& {Lg%V X}4 +.cW]X)[Q ]q ?0%k2C瞥LX"8|C2PVv Wv<>51 쓆#J~0C[Orgb!:y}^pd,xN2 i&ۚjsȠo]ͺ^s0Vcu8mX)uO_P )5!uY򑫍umJbԔM?V hݽ~`Vօ7N3 Ae -;ꪆ%W}C[.AZ+YE)g{J9 )Cb|A<`a_s7%EDE:ݎ U;$_9=@j U^)t띋ApnwnaʒW .Vf2; VD$1:a<ӯ-0'xݝSGըUZ{z2(L~!GLz=}Pؠ5 2 8[r¯Ꙧvas0_{X=S]5]58RvrJbWv"ںYU78GJU4/TN+O6xŀ3gxʖ1YxjW gvҹ1O8֝"Yėq&W|^l{)ېroZ_1R "< J㈦^g_ṤOP뛷gc6/{N9#sIE8a6Rt!#o.~/r|ʆ&XMއV^a/YѿL2:΀(  t>\[N!tqFP^*- G݊yFRw9x㰡tOmg8D0>I$E {רn)`S>L& 8'4v4nWK7~Nι endstream endobj 33 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 654 /Height 348 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 1 /Columns 654 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 941>> stream x10 7ݞ0D1#!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$Ďؑ;bGBH #!v$* endstream endobj 34 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 654 /Height 348 /SMask 33 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 654 /BitsPerComponent 8>> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 74398>> stream xe@TKg%abZ\żv7va!*4,,9@.K) ˝'8gg33ϩ@ H{ik 4Lk`@ ]S5@ !iT @ Hj@50UC Ү@ v Lk`@ ]T{{ f͘lG,xyt3Kky_$5xu)lSc']tm9s]sv*gFNTi/)Ǧђ`.cvpTm (l3G:V{*W5|V̙5i5msV^O,n@fه@ 혖jJ׮o~~bSOٿ܄,Қ3Sjz>SNyS.tԽ+5T^YvdÉ7텰 9**CF[hIWחxy/9xla&^^/~AT=baW^TTT0\ uvV~ӏ|䓘ǻkFXqBw?f7x;t[ͱ@9xsA .%/}/qǹ^?:dE/XČRAmnׄ<ZU,#6;S!^XifJrf)O-Naz||zvDEK12߽JG@#FW+HK^.Y6#;9K16#&Zq%EǤ Ѳo ]5?7LK=17QNїvñqG9ћ)j(COK*8-JOHV&+,^$ڧzVj/Jx,ᄠ~ޟ& V_ʡ"7e$|g*/9&6E(eP5")ORu/g8θjZ8 b1be&!+:n|. N%٭ՌiSʄ+_?}){&x8)5-\2kBuߧ)|b& HͽQNTVV"RiOzRL~Y)@4Ŕ O>rM~m\5$E{4r4vȫH62""J'ZRǘ׽Dh: p&QGxY'%9GZD!uj zZ5L/,1eS* c=:"l>z->FH+N8&ːlDVVU}Mh}I[h"(hd.XnUC>jCf5z6ic|Y<͖`',wV]/Mvf t r\xB:]ҍJ^cx̛,w$lO^Ϋ,.(M^=ؗ?@dfYU~[虇ŵE/ד]^kl[gʦv {]~|E<6LnEEEE1oNQvpEƉ'ܼH#5 y(< *SI7@8V3*WD(T2@yqӺ7VFRd4x{bEy/h?\=t힠M (4zg_'Ľ8iY -OUSF@1jő'=x>9JC&&Hw.b,FB!nާ7qElݨwne+qW(ĬH;"N c]*3ikȻ/֔#i#lYJ#7q'zXSڝzJ*o?j`tEbU7&]kiVIDC0"W`9!_/yL~RNܥό0|߀!;1cJ: ڞ7950,.HuQiV̩ޢZG-[ZƟ`uެ&]ݬ3l%[瑥++%,ŶxE]-<|.`=iÚ!NE!/J `XQeY[{jDkGLF2[{*&_<Oҳ4:|Pw!{OE*vr*'ь۟ԭDQ TmJcN>h9pwAz%>i+;b"SuÝcmК~,#3iJZ!ТN yK ]0^;J7X}N۲-OdΫ]u e=NSyrQ5ƛ X>gwA(JYF窳Z鵭E;UU82{ˍJ`E{CGED٣\,GXE:6g8٦f1Gu.=SWj~p-bVtIu3'Z0t+ؤcgYʓYW;`Obue\'!At{~ j٤]9;@N|H5p?l+lwc°.pFZc|};M"#wO]b2vU=;Sp:Q uff`KQ[co;I<߈ga7ה[婘|ͱ}<$-x~+>~ 4ZhAwq=x)8 _f7H!*Zqd/`1{#Ӄ?%&ޗ=5Ro#ߪMqZDn>a$կ2'@ ȾҬn/_%zD?1zftf]K&] UYt}d;b>pVnJҕYʗZx|y+W+OW$E \PuF+(Yط26& I&bɢ{KUCN7"oiV>P9~,L>ݪD ;Q U7i6ýH$0rW|DZO'.PkeqݸOX-hTO(}#-:27&-zzh9(XhX*(S-U(#z=\m OC /ȉ"J5.o |pV{N@ f3b!IN|0Qղ Œ0?VX%휪9? I?X9?ڟB{D@ѱ~AuNk+02Z{51j'(']җyx']u'>ओ\iɒ@v3=>E^o;[0XH;i;4{^Ekpui\$nKP\ް ~E/ +J0Cgwg<;]{C1'G|k`^YWOy||PN@MlFweD<7,9ƽ6.V.WAANαYݍ$}#K͈MyU$AJq^1Ll Cov$PBKaK ,]O xXU1wM{DCF2I3 u,UW}#GJU.IƹJDU lLB+c˩XYa|n]7F4*J%j}ݱ3>MU/6R)~U&\gjGBt`N:iN]d5FkIĬkIgchJ<œN:F8&D(rd 8AaIR|)!H4.a2JՌ!;o6Ecn,3+MLl( MرcuzjEYekˤNyt8'J\fj9;gG=.'S:Rh{ATHD݁kuo<>3g<:z͋.Z-8]IB=$,R%,[6-V-~ؒx_6矬Ltc9vC> S-Z(*W09V8]I+#/kI ÉDͱ،.lX,toUH+3J`-\msE g-ӟ;}ZR}@&v/Z։EQb_rҠYdǔH F?tJbU\79)V3Ȥ2붋IhbҵtIgԍ+Zk8 =jkL4bG ϚCKg2)P6wp@?s'Oq4Ic0KXL}v_,+Dgе"R.+wiⵞ9w뢠@h(bH\o΋=Vi+݅g^<4 'h 1}$6|okghHmSZ+?=gkmL ut)k7qщdn+vuћǛ6}`g ̚C#-ii1'?!9@ 쮌ke\Ex~wnX`OߛgS~,2OԸnR-rF/V;/=W߄7A?7› +XE {HGZ)ep~hV_9bz;͒U1m5q-xQ XZjb 4M>,R4]1z[Eʺ<;7BBIs~dZ'jggʅaQ2*0C;oWsr 6UMBmoGf΃t{ʯ*e97=&ڱR/=*>͚i,AʐZz.cpOn:HE)&` v8bDs-?DG۳)EfQ `GH!B|鲨r \|}\Ҕ[jrK ㈂))PnjzP΍VccP1Oy|FmD<;2س@4jg[Ť@"OHӦP6A:1GLc[W:W~VQiWoK黇>mX=2Gфw~lDoNX)B!n3.ZJLLЭ1),;E֗`笹Z; xNz}]/={g'O2c{c&,~"A(';½kNB؝ŎL: Mc^qgJZ}z;_ܜ)o9lygWwgnG A]H,@{~Q‹?8fPiTFIƁi4ozT vW.p&f@en#zE(v?j`/X?ӤOw5B&K5䶸!AT+~ѹ\Uj|Kb j&Xb Xb*4FMנ_U YX'=!}_ΓVPV2R -motz?(L2_o?Ky'oN⨕y})Z.ZsP-~;#'I&u{Nv]pfpML HR:\ȥY! n9;k;0 jxK&CQ"-g6*"}|,ɎJ7o~Ȭ [1,p Ѳ 'P:+UJcEvԹGq{Cu~.ҲU{ ;&͘Xũ_-#0NV8w[m ֏H3}yݺ#ASbҾ:mڔ=7s߮5?H\Xtx&x%^xŇ{o#'X4T=-qVQ>$IԦ dz#6˰W)tLu9ۿ)r& [7+: @\R}#:x~<`O:DVQ'a Z3×y|uǎ̧>|·3Px^o> Js8U`|NчB{ޥglܗ)({GŸ}2M2RRP!B0ߧ?\9E}/\eOr $5bΠQz,_VZR\^ZR Jn|a:wvL"HwġŕfMckoU}IхbAt,tc[)~ /,3eKȉ"rq1n;N볅+ngG==kP8v׏ko lk哆<Dt [0%FhiKP[A?.EQvsgjڳWHjXpQ]%TPGt1V,*QֲVh*`YP6tB""@T,p5Յl6QA|YnVBI$@SVtԣ?{ +SB7eN(6YNwXR}L80 D$J&pe EN~!Kh,@ p LL:8uώewEcݽq+|?5Xs\Ppu7Y@eҭ0MJlKUdžh-Ұ$9>WV~KaXYL;1O?;o*Y"cnܽql&?7 E&y>W8l h:Urr ()Sѓ*-4'2M,%cxWM ųC,R戫MPyGlΊ+` 8ys#uIlҙ:UGnnCm[< TpS\jHE{Y)6T`JF (>ibL$*7wr 0"eY Ӄ)CDnl78F*/B@t'߽>Vq飂۔]f Pd*0*Y(YƫsSMτZOI~ʪ0 2~jtM4ԫg?HD-xSccq}mzk)5h֨6X~P\Qn>Bo\j|= ~WdN=w(0h8TBڗOӊ@٪gg5e;'XV55_]J!"ns%AGdON)O/>dq|[烻o3P'uZv;ޫ7^|@,BfzfJմZ;> ]yd m=2 =u/=;ѥ˽GśSH"Q@̭dz{iQނ/qY ۼkǏλŗRB2X\-OV(Xoz$hb To (}7%Y jkeӶZvm"ڸUik/Dxvh:(AXbƎ+~ݢ[ik&kղLYؙz<;2^< )]f.֐M !ik@50UC Ү@ v Lk`@ ]S5@ !iT @ Hj<{]ㅭ&7kݱ¦jC GSu"blk5na':GC/vb&H$`4{푪Eڷ~&0|U{vU*&JECd닻?Xݡ]__ `0aS[;@~EptLVKlx2sy/Yf=:g H3NՒ , W1Hv1iF+(!E1W1Hh3~͝ҹEĕt|d=UW1HLJh.9żv z:ѼGۗFTHD݁k5ؠ㜋@ IJtFI&S( Jrҫ&'!N%Mڕ~VZTd1O}V 0Fjp?YT3*(R[R~~JI6{RsV:T򤴁sRQd9](g_ 1jq|tt[= m)HJ?)mk/!ȯHKKP(8 ?,Z':jdԺN{4}5-T}|\WսzD&Y6T 4Mjd4U p@CT @ Hj@50UC #C&!$G!ɞHY-0UC B lze.־80U*X5 px L9`~+2o畿r-oM+Z!"QXY5eXjYѲ&/T9q3$IMu:j#h{Lݫl9ȏ<x/@ 2B Y@a,#syG"v}%F;MGy:#lo~\˸=;ӴİLq垺- ?ܚhUi;nā=g[঍ֽy;IG 뫱|ʋϨ /k} =YeCLZ=!oiK&Ңvww  ivY}N۲-1C 8@5&م8r Nɋ $ daxّA5FIu9ۿ)r& [La~:&Ȏ:=noȶOe_sEgݱ#LjZJs_ΓVPJ7+: @\JX Nu|˻UntvC'[u"+¢?]l,l'H.ёX Y>V>ۏ"6jt2ڋV^U0^#v߹4EY{͉k8E+( =x=92b̟F$f e`caebcLT30jc\PkCN7Jt+~ܰs77oO1B6 Ddѡo`0Ml"Ԫg*կ ÍI$`g ފ,{f3b!IN|NjfaDIIC>^0U2>#eY1 PrV6"ą) 4@AANαYݍ{/΂ 8AP.zq0 ̢F217r8Ԍ\VooZ!\N^]%%o8tjGmD_hg @u+.x*@eOo畼yGg[/8u3aʱ[^ Y^3\q09V8]IIMiBr^:uV=P:⭮*rv ^ /l߹j2ӧ%uh zu8J498Ш!A heYxP : ú;Gmڥ?|Ϟ1ό)r,&u@  $0& 2YZ.!kΚE$u< [z UҐa !BFb7WHsW AB@e^FY?֒Y~bX֢qR[;.^+9&\}& 9S^20U,O1N cy-{0$eF՝^.UW .XiEvy]QG \!>yY!2R%|޽Wx~hUjD:f&_AQ}@ M@D^ya[{񫀩inݺQU*IJ8,4Y{juϏ<Q5!HS^z=~D[[SKS݁@ !"DvE27.,'9=HDiJ}g!!DiCR{$#SPuUy3Pq\%՜l,1>5f -MԴic~~rVlح=G'>|: 4 DU^%8L&H")JQtvaQ5+[-[[^R/|~3MTacc[mm-m-!ZaGHd.+.hA/(h5uu{_Տ`6u!@Sڵuaa!uط  LMM!HD՟mk 1Tm.Ke>'ۅ@dFrSSU`lb"O1 WϨ(+`rջ*6^ 2[^Vr,-,~[?pHUEM#HLJH"ByJ*FS'e.\ ħԉx8}KջI,ɦޓ5 Νm#Mdrz"qˠZ 8rD&!2 *)2: a6[ Y>|txTTTttt~Ͱm+?j+g !ˆT v6a~]x!:ܷT \UrJP(Z/LDع-_֒=›kfz4g˪3anXYbTrT_>60NXg@wm DNVl6̈HC?- j©B@eؙ7CBT[c~{? S1 K8X vBgդ.#=|^?4&i^ BB"O, XOڰfvD``꼣>b#zΝѦhAYFgk}]͈_ض'mQ{v65iEKم8r Nɋ $ daxّA5FIu9ۿ)r& [ygn<,0|ұU'D_ΓVPckx@UH7ĸYё_8؈䒪_D@'VxIo޼Y!,h-!'&۫ˎ:=noȶOjyb$hy%?XO_yZJJ*\i`5۱ /~025lWџεt.kN\)XDUk.yc\4' 0c-; -Ke*$6!Vpj3Ƿ+~ܰs77וҸ4#K{Yu$oE`auYZ ]:ӹ )/`L322 ?e=^Ynf^-嵆QeXL&bVVrzp^gd;+ƝuJѽW FP`_?A9}7@np@217r8ԬTKaK ,[8J88|OTo nX?xV j Ik#x];'S\8d ?Xit::[|$_ msB"1 G &߾}־@ 2>D`2S fԳ~>' a.Oܿ~dH3jy#K͜Mï[8ikM77*&>U 8_22h?]5///WUURWWWPP/ק&-'=i7H2 =h@CZwO .V|"+k 0Uj-%ĬsKOtƓTOǢi30=s_ke sa볩ϖ XN]t{vҲȡ+h 藷O7zִ?SM`09999<޾&=nEXiEvy)5 k䗀 D%0.XbaiX+CJH*ҳc3*0^i\ d㱏C\w mXfVPW߈1c#>,(IG \}8鳰p.׳('0O.J}1Ѧ~hk_ @@ylae9BTMJ5y ?Ԋ;z%/{ule;gXY[od,3}(30n"_\ⵞm }F":w344F ,#nbh@J^q%ҼYYbLi[/3ZvW 2$b4 js۟tQ1vxUD4Z稊ww hFOr},H-EjەTFĭS_*g&$DDq2XQeY[{jD֌/y)H$R]Lf||C DVcnjLl@(M8O6m1/nU7t|iANu|˻Uncjc_1?cv:;?whY˖,yH@BBgش- --tҖղ 2CYeH!!q-[{^u?-˶QW|uGy_WgoنoNvY/ +<<`ɡ i+BE}E y]{԰Zk, a/]xt[A{ouZd !osN AgU 9N~|^>oqsm=ed]J7~I:Ok7ov6yFivO)Q*lwR٨ٷÜouFo?ͩƏðO|30\{ooۊz|np4~?ݸq#A] Ҏb~vE H]NWmO;ۻY0w[Kۜ3&f}%Y+|ϫ'[uw=6+:-'k-IJ^Is3}_Ξ>ۗϬ-ZEX0W={vt ǝ6ǥ1D`0~;gOo;kg_ngyƩOL7=&3l(yo@wenفjEQ>) |yo/9,q\㟧/PTdqO?q=rqVG o}&F*MSHأ>n7eXTGE1 m߾j67Tȇ卦?ܭ=w׽* ]*G_qcܨ36";yvv̚6ƚ=MCmĎ'ctfsӟAAOUױc}VwO7+ŏw-m>أ.8.x߮L]i̓~OaK|>iUfZexT`0|}X稣@'kλ5_t -?F|w^Uu?\VG]yyo8{jӀvNMɾ*zٗfܦ"\ciZVP\?t̷O7>b4Xo~KX /$u(SN8a>ڿηj厒djy找>|i;-TcFĆ _Ν{D&F,e/Q頼ާ<׬\7禟/o_|Ϗk} Tq{z|7<ߣ_KA~/ʛ~'^诮Nw3\}O?Q]uttcTԱ|֎(rMQO&OQٺ;vćp67ݦ鮊)VNk@ 속/x:EFx-B?LIM) &m՗LT4>=Y!Booo4Xws߽d-W F8y!7#ʶF ^LVblX=i ݕsJ8 ]['M8j쫘O^zR'7$xRgG"en;1PTU%jXY<_,< YENZ2UnnZIVgwܞDW5{WLIZf|"duX1`2Ȝ-/?}~'[op*N!0 M!3:my֏ X\Sv3^ݴtIW<qдÌK߹%pל? 앷k=2\wyϛuxGc8)fl.@=h:na˫ r\qoKμqeWٷA0/16X,~MϮakON{{t֝4MU2`8. S9v* lON|_ghVi/{j殪e?ma}[0'Fgk[['d-:?Lfw)|ؕ"ڔϾ_\i}΁0IO%K /=mΜ%+v7NMqk[Xxò;Vd\T[a8^+?im.Pr892#MD$vOVEqJ*b+qє{Dԧ',C)_^ؚ~1\7{*{ܑ{S ug檏?rKQ` v|.۴+Ngo؍[\Awc|uNFw>z=;)~ +[40ce'ךO9R=9Ϯ|f?K[?ûx+s qtMf-]MlymĶVFN|}}{}U}t4MOAu>4ΞmҎ74}jzرZ6ni+Ŵq̈$P^hyG﷨6Xpړnh_{lɧ7bsTiY?~SGgVM~|7n4-[yT?cy7=cod /!srzd-C Á ɲL=3} K5w&Ko7/7j˚WΐM֚B@ӕ/@Gp,k)5o9}~ /1o]C Ekz%g{D(t`Nk]E;-Fa0dik\A-:>gBO=~iذv+wƿl15~ (;m' -5e`DLb=K 1Ұ1)PQ]®ΞowƛyE|^]1p^7{̩ǽp|޲IH00ANRh8 Wv5.tI(=_rκg7j]{ǞkOݿ' S^ROo6qSu[̮kW/{^C_;Q{]Mm>أ.^>vB[NW|GMO?ӯ?ݲًiKj*V/}*LntXyĤO9e`7l|A(T f/@pFˮy'zMY{w T ~?oooê{z_? [>v?Xv}1~{őc{^| <ߴa?Gu< >>bXb)9@(&sa5a U֎nҙ쫭aRJc0{pok7O9AܫΙꆥ=Ο {i]`5.?20Wrʅ$X!1쏻:Λ?O.7fM J?~/LF#uۇk<]Jo)/i)u&vЅ[%_ZnLv=>巽CîzvU[D:?o7{DGg8ep 12G =}W56hW}EGn_FȷSb1 G.9춽Z!CRUzKQLlM2I9`ƺzu2`* EtA-/{|~ܓul4I-k8fOnR_tlL'B3k8bfZL2 =@ -Օ(IY M"ԫ|ӑ9=V`p9ΞbJTMG`\qhƙǼ>Sk `+OĽgբ$SBi(ڿ> g.:)f4z`48N |oM5A;iRӞ=n[rINk,;熥g_7i%Nc a݃ap_BKNk:-SaF]uO@ ABW8$dTad,f]ꊝT: %%'k0Yfu-hs+ "hڷ ޮӝ5zXM3ֽy90LfyZ@bLv~UH,@{orC]OQ%0e#ٛҒ$yP촧ҙw̚1}VDnݕCBK(HG" KXUen%3_}TuoO{"ѪaU<JTT?(ʒiݸי2 k :.ɗHC1e7@bԡKT~/cdk{׭9Y˧Ye,HL-RIӨ*r\ -^!ORuu0YQxadξ! 1qbl <_;۷{vehTϛ3>*+:ڞ9޲/wIbDyj zaX=\$i@B0jo aX"A~} ='=kX8ov,UGt¹[ֽK'# p &I:D<!q՚a=} >ROg{i՞/ɲ|ͦ2Ӯw8| tt&'|0p4ɧ;8k +e.ox}02:{Vv,7 4(+%,wtY5$ to;nY7 ' L,g$p8Z5A,IU4|kϬ}9/x9h϶I {dn+T6fqKZAXXҥyJNyw)91*OFRkUF,ffO*:LBYf8!jRgpRH,Go._IZ;'GwI1-u#o\z޶LÍUFnV~ 8,R -3= 9"oZnX)u0jr斾7)c|Sd'ә 's HCMMǷ:|,o{qvu`SzW]ctfLGh=(5̥&Ƈv{ $$ @$AC@UG߸uܙU}`v7:ȲhT v'T[kZYTwkxJpCfn„0XT>#ȼ:EԪF,`08}{ DԤnr,|:M8tZuij$d}ө߻ʼaS H<ݐDId̘tf92($t6*B,{ !OH"d1yA02ڮ#,][aؔmivN˒ް`B2ma*Y.cHEW(  c30U%LbIdw@F"Uè/Q+Ec|#*Y2ʤs}~3%_&bg{g]uwV{DI%VF! \A 1#v~I*".p! Lr5΅meMN N r}¢aGHER$r&&‰(Ȝ u}Z uf/2L64xK&ٴf包V4X,fge!;}4ur9 6g',A̋Œ$v,K/[ʪzawðH߷2ܵs/f8<3J{|@\4::L϶1,*Î k˼ FndYշF))b2pdf}'hM\ٳ[&1M1 ?ėƒE`$:A J$IF0⦣`0H=dQHۄ*0LV.!#_CHRlhڥA8 4"$:'+Nitue7V7tkZ;J{NgyU}?ȮI#m *SqV%0fѳĀ"SCB;zawǰH"U_UOއy /1'auqM'$@ep;HMq!A-fS2M6tQ%" ͰJ ɩ4.vSP]({'/6rd/&ɋ$ˆz #=`FgnQh ڭE]>YQJ1#k9_x{1w}_?Yxm4#CT瀁a*L)aD>HUEm7EB 7F5UTe7c`S ND-/R{G^|קA|iۂy5߸EE~Is"K?׼.謏GnնyMd0 v3V7 6#HU/# G ѼZNGNz"&(n2z!OH,fR/ 7Ttr  l+h~O DF + r*M3?T#6ko b+%I(uR|H$rU>}NBDVq;roO$36mڒ[h *jꦫ/o`TgNbufZN9bYwƱ,KaGٮ* Rn0K*17YQ嬐$P,Y_],^xbɴV/)-qƾPTe@:-Jr4f?<`BM7KZUV(S4EEjbZ<HS*B :A(V״(Q^$E?b&~/ޯV@5ӎ: eTw|VVlu lTh70BN(d{6čF<ZK6 B%Rh&I2W*QX2piN0GbNG:ueZxJVR8FxY/1dvj#p(Z9I(ŒTm7$rB&T R㩴ξIEf/)wH%x$Y I@Vdhd22w٤ -c#E1Xc%+Ȓ$jECe1O1S8GUZ V6v B<۬_0.vXu@NTxiK oJi&MxRVMq/B.vafZ|U"Dь/Q5FNLm7CNǒ/EfS4IZu'Ӵba@@;`"/8@s<D\m7V."q!P2IN5O(ɚ/A,f͗PYD)NeDQ ǒYyVU57Ŝ,,$ e"+J*?!Х?[zrKVTP0|8 bLư!=&aEE BbR Tj~ CyHq_÷x"֪Sp5}vATzP$}FQ1_*1mOFө`BpшiT mI<+*BpO%F&=wX0=O Y*T_ji'پ#e |Ni3\i0Ъ*'yNTH&J>8aeHf `,Q_} R;-2|Hy@$VUV*r82Jo0_[m!|AM`XK O#C@4h:-R0ZLhFiNk+XRP4Ml"FTVd1#ebXyiI? Q #w؊ o$byn"qmm}/{"Ӳ1cy\_B0JzaABd ϞCrG[4Uz/GLyhyqᆭ] JVӡ}$6~"[o}W1DFPHx9ɬxKJL I0rS= -}hf4  +c9awPXUY,xv@3uEk:Q`b2 괖rj. C+= Q4S[Qi-|؛$%`j1k{dNms_0uHUyKU hD1JVeh$IDI)h:]u&nvEbhxA c/4%4BjJ3,_S ǓX0pEf]}/d$#^udpQ3W0IV8A:'U# -xo]p`4u};0,5([!O[H |(MH$FLT$v%bTRD2 I"G $9&))/K$i FAX'*?x_sf@}mu ̋cq󯪫g̘}X:<eEՂϿz#O+ z| e`hȩHQaYvlqsRZ7{]>9:%u0,񹼵giQ (RIk aU$q >S p ʧrjj4h\/R *w괷TU$&4q=d\qۋuج57`xy7pT(Si-+Q. EiOQ4`AG+ZZvm7ctmEE3@eEqN #va} $iQ)ң| A@xkh0tCN,+hT/ea+Z$^]Ŷ` ];L~2864YǓ9CO N38ˈ)?l#8HBJRq:E{b,RxT;UTua ?aM1wFo2FUϞDZh4cxOYE>ȳkEQ:f}AЮ.Uqau$>+@d@{*k+JC!N&SVUiМEk}Ƶ5S}O <+x7G0h.$B2WMZeiP,@(Ma9jUQ2&@D~t87A^F:I I=kspRh6Nk]I`]B:xrBJVzSiZ;$R$g~+<`d4zJ2ȳ: #0\*Ӄ^Calr9NC:q#b -ݫ/Xqki5I9^aPm#"K6%j'wQ2U|#O֬Yh邲V/tw{xG}vKo_l7>}΅"E$ID"@}/G9綿>]鯩:Y-vv֮W[p]]^35۩jk&T65%.t,uV妉 ,)ȸF~cH$)jok׫C[<9?"m'k e!DZhD 9:Ba8]V嘪,tYN:aod4x\ieu:{ueNFvi:v:0rѐaXOINcrUStá]F*J?5EtH|!#I2,*.%$/!9ڗ`6KKc.ytMP^^TTIf98K>fy!8*O ) 2kxuU,@'Z1 qkG$)S}챟'v=B:c<W%Nx;!LTA*ࠈka-W1LUWCT@:\=VtJPdU5[e졇C8 ?jF̐Uں*/hii/*TՔ;6DC6b$kj7o?^`v>7E%ʲ$=_U~ E~Ri۬ eDA;u^#boezfU+q{dsC=_5pYZRpҤy446Wv%b2Bh0 q`3X8˰_'*kV }C]#|&Ōu;wgqWQ+QPU:lEF!72(HRw@! UzGVx}Hz\@D"TZ\奮^#Jg-iNK&t*ìٰGeMղ0r0rQOt`C/iZB"-<@AYZא_U_|wd,wd(Y"/7k>h*Q>M}F#%Y.^8)R X ,fPB K$7ljvmIz˝ǕƣbNY?i/|Nf+ʒ=3(uK[n3O57Ou[aôk3l߷Dwb{M(ƒV鴵5-S*d1LG yŠH[t<͝L㖯+1ɠsndu\XB#omJg "QI,X<‹BuM̖hx:!pAKuSײTyn }wryeB}}=I[N;%&uX@F4x7-M/CɠSTJR- DV x݅bYөlZ֯fQZ"$ViX(fitUDa޹ibʵ]9a<%GSZ+~/g3c=5Q8y0O(^yJgN,}<Ԯ_immr9f$ 湉p}}-x=h4Ӎ65ps8lTynE & / R.Zj*-q2bsՍwūD%(LtۿL{%Z i* `J8єM? bUȾu{w>܎:=5Vҭ[ yŊ=.6_潊TSvfmeWӅ+I.-p,YW,Zyw讌d{!.p<|YGۂCy7^ߕw2=;Jk4*U4n)e\J뗩RR&o%O+d400Tp0 zf"15E# F@P,ЉPF`B#'RJKe2 #<ȓ9C#OJe^ǽV $)j%=+i2A#IiՅl8K(Ӭa!K$I bcITqD̲$Gq"0iT#ȼ4ʪT* E)"ǼsE0 ҭD$ F?fK/x=gʡPΧ~xxU:8lvC:-i7,ܪ*GfS߾ٟ:lY: j-\uE0Y  ,Uy"]* McPKy&|km&`Sd(ЉtJݕ;\l:t١ϐ2'pLQ [Uu3Uq_MX׾z}ľ}JnXf2˪ b͗oh"d-k  XͲw=n55>Rf*H7DJI;\lh5ja[߬.#F6X% //~#jYp.aEq{;6[<*7D[A15-QͰ켐ˣ=ɸxԌ\T5'CT6ot\l6Z _Dg8bXaV?KRޠG0 dY{׭rԡ}YY<6uj44?/Zze#BzgF&Z5Ujy[T_]y(yڠjԪ`\pѠ %R54)_Eڊ2bx4iPiJeA&d6/J2p`i :-ƽ9r&fXejtg ȨUD ¾g2b@*yz<$n1˲|w=*4ra,Bx,#r[_M U{Uc (8Qd6*OeIh(6<[XȄ J ~s&P5qΕ&i-LtYɰ:,QRl u'M'"qlk~ΐDh!KƤ(xNBt"UK3ñS ,u*8LD*C\8FɣȜ㧡y.ϡӟAI`f/:aOÒ,a(fbÚb 0I0p@)((93(FR&>|8H]fxc;ң'O7`6۾{%q_ ~MV͖w~ڮ+Z/9K>+>q_#jg Wi]s~BfSsne #Sjkhh,5@B4YU(d[u**(YI'f/MK@UU-!~}r}{gk[;ukxml7_Ziz=[atÒC}<#[7x~8j^Fv˯V.q8afCSSͪzJjx2f\cCEwsm6]yC}zKlɂ\|T>3xa4ӪUеxx8hX8~wdYk56a2ԪU٠%d%^s$ :5K4/EK5GO٠lI&C%; k)APqT""\ym"DIAQvڦ<^x$^_㉦^u4"TپV޲zCF}Pd9NeZM@, e%N 9,׍h(T": M4B*1^:Ic̴tLv .e|LR ݁s ZMΣ.b8BA PP9{ï߲ w]kzil_sϕP۱~!w.;ިk+-Gԛ/[#Nq<#>|*$IJe  /yvB+QE f6Nƒ%uԡq"E%syQsQKoacQܖd/dX<3:$K ljPE$2(J_v8*7e9^U;mZa9N[]GN~d<&xX(M_u)tUG&O) )?O&)gTc&'8͐Wc*4Hft$ˢ(41C;9("bD&dƠӒC@+ʉTSXF')eX.Kpo7r\fzNy\((׾Z:C2Z S+%K*6hL@1I@aV HBH*d+EMt^'@ VQRL%ɐ)fcd/<7ϜЉa@Nj2-Ll\ KSCQqy4H# #UaGO>4ѽo>{w>RЮz^m6}~#T:{ۻn7>5ڮ+UZ#nù`Ś;OmmMx[?oh cV îm LΛSEֻB%r!m:kE@,Il)  gx]_5yB]/sޣ\Z`j-}>m-֮[;FXyMMMzÑ_^um?gH:s:m0_XjZ_}ծf2ؓ/v jf\u ׷!կiԴ`L w|*{p%:,Y XqN//YP A4Rqh2K1 }cADѬ,CYM#[L4 Tb(MMz/u^g82L;,[u%39(˓8tZA"\)/1xԨ%bX ԢzInUPD>L(cXGk>}%O<2[7Dd,%^K+1):+΢ \yHp$5q)8frx*[7ÁX|z PDM*H f.N;Uyq<f|qߙ #8Y %e9t1&eXHtk51p0rJA)PɂV"kt*mt wBVj0 ΒcgU( LE@XX88:֓*;ܬT zQ&(NY)zǟޑG_wmO5j<Lh!qozǿŽ:?|3(,eYxf@+fMCxm ZqT:<|FLFIf8uY^?z%qvg66514IƣSX1dV<9)]hfj1U 8iɨ Tq }fb4,'rkc]0 bؾIAZk:6-n t/3m͒$s<2uQepXLX8(\YR4=Naa6N)( ,S4[:sC%-CTDؼbQCQtB:}0jOtuekike "!s`<E%QD&fɂ*bb|z>NnN>reơ,-&אt ͲNL0g$}8YLZjYŁ\! (9EFn"v =f EQ<)Fq!cyfx%L35.{:_`9ecI^EI&3g `2zF=_&ZL4H"1)\~ $Y4O7Vs& p0;Uc"SDI%je>CIf~[s~Ixqc{ާxt= k?[8R N. h$y^P0v-[y7>Wh"Da?%\|yH81:{֮z4(zdqum۶+T?gm# rDEF[|_.]ZP0RRˀ{_U,Ի!,D.J_9_,~pt:GhPeDmZ8MA S>]E>LO~axZ(sY}bhm8xjL3fP@ZMi9Ȳ Kg+!'(Zڤ.nTihU`EQEALF(:FP*!xA8p_vb:Ex& (L 5r4KXNҸ[\27@RI4K:F%ŐJ(&`UGSc{صXͤ*4d6@ê\@ZmrͲ4ˊTh5Ar: Ųi'8m`,j$fC_ clhV"x^Tl0r$Y2MϾ;l67?rVZ<F¤,0,۶ϟ~.bO| nɲJh߶{uF"aiq4v5Gۿ*`[>O-FAT:ӲMW>K?zѧG?M$ JWcK ɢJ5OV ţV m\䲽9q}k[>bXOy9hX]I!*Jբ,erUӹRoLdpS_* P\gGaŝo%H^Ww}f߉`~Uu]iBçm29Vv5 hwޱp+=;8P,FtV45ߺdfȥ7l3q^rWK=V'Ǝh5:kyemMԯ"aflzKI>W,e0ߴXrB:GnXd͒JYZִsтe[V-"B#z&Kָ"h2^l2$I&lgǙ#K*|JP@*w/v x\I`(EO*bkA ƒN%Kkڎv CikDq*O ,yVrɲ&fe4"f1F"D&O3ms#}#EQR*EWhUyZ9Rh2#O 8^(ӌ2_(AyaJ:6%c3٠3h @ucDnD\(3,r:e]iPRy*UL&G'ȓFJ) xhX6ʫ8*?P8<,CCO<xBЋ>j0 }OH#rbܿ*UFO;?|r3ݑdw$iJ2汳(wHSB hh:gS@b^vpO1^D [=tvU/{ZZrp|lZf$\SjeG,T)E^̓98V[Vu$29V= j1\[u4grYN@YOň:6ӈ%@y2 UJX¦:kk ZMe)J4/2,6i "MV˼!Ne^א-+;|p`kӹr^W8@S=Mq ചrd5=zmLGiA]CўcjVQaXnkH(xxH7t.ƒn1,k\L)%]q U0 C:)ػg]$)H=JKLm>_-Hhvk:=vw钶p8>6llQ ™t(33Yðp^>L:ӃdrvEp]??>J%Gzvwz~}߼bqE fi=_}aYyj5T /ǻ]G*WenT}>ӌ;gV\6L=7~E?sfkе:;CHϲ%}ɂ/X l8 k/LڥFW 9r[W57tmJc8g"Zd9hsZϳ9T-:8J%oxI}cW7xl>bCeQe/wX6q* ^M]6⎶[-4Rje|3c{t;39n֚Vİf[>H'=KW/tﮪb4|+@9&;ۯݰrVը cXj4TRټl$2xzF(}^h0hؔg$^d2]C:@&_8T w;lfcˮ(}*\WZdeHg>g[jVM*kX*Us00|*[{X+:pπ%R\Hx8Z\_+# EQYY*Ylk0,Or &/XL3tv<u' )[QJe:O׸,Ǔ%tǰlRYOa :ɁX:LWi,iv㪮='KL^$}|e+_WۅsKBt0KNLz\U0Egk[|ęmܴC7_/ BAP,[H۩gBӲ$ʒE_g!faUSOmS\?5dHa_5]F$K N\v=㑽&GHnGO<^r|a5p'Mf, {áX0Iv߿zmKz:S}ԑp≞;9ΟNdkWȤQ}mCCϿDIqqu~h Ë<Ć7JЫ.\ p̡GK 㨢i py࢑LᵑWw\R71U7#3("*~_h$vip"y?$qW;3,0T"S3ʪ]Z&+ȶmy_Bkê^%(U&)JdAüɠI)2,JtV$e G5Vm3\ ƪ!jrH5eX] V48VMIQy% : 9 ŕ/ĦňFO nZ` tN9:ESpw0cڭlv Dm`(B#q^{4K\va1ZE(:85%ry ˔%P4#NqcF.׸uu0Ԫճ%=iFEMŌL Oƒm X8|kᖽ{rյ6/`5<x'1H8~玽D CQ@T:QcL1+4ҡ~Ƒ?~v,pkMc>/~ZE-Тѹ6EѠ0g:c3jLfceqx[:Dᗇ>;@?Ge Bi8]8I:t[4ð lH%"v>v'eӣ'c|H6ܣw('i+5`Wljo4 ?=ӗ%]~hwĉtឍZ[[Gɷ&bM6ZUVc+j\pZY1A*յ;>=}+]daX,Q{7͗܆ g+kNJQPY!K1&2ZЮt?w UrZFPZeA7|pxgjP.% ^hCM.Z:u䪥3:|*LkC-Ű,$ә3â(276\xsc?ׯf󯿱/މ C-5&Z[vf/3햏vG}G_|W^o1~q풡W~_*Gg6K?3~Yh(NlVܹ֬c| Q*6YRI]N&*fs~wۚOif&N?tR G /wwgYAeC縲=O0bi[z C=n~HI gXo ]|i˼ZV-{eeĹp]WYWAvE6"H9IW1][c7lhR#'Z! +u EPpuK߽L(A(E.]Z"mThl/'PT[dY~E?1kq>IQ^^=vTQK; 6z oRI5v斊 Q-,E7Os%I wfR@ME`l,7OuZfH=xZέSC̞^Uy;+ R?ɶ75{.MW==K_mӭyV|BJV sGƞxz492dPB0qr3R5[1l-?K)f1â#ak:~rBkvUgjjr5AMD ')&py6V{˒fNs1NO|gV??zRJ6ZpVuҽ;\ӳG˛5]E#xogQr-UJ+XxɮcBL`(77#^E3|Լu956Ro/_^kqifymGYdpwbs[s[=m:E-ȏ} 0Z8 &ӨIۺr5KH& ׭_?+*qŔwk߇zT~@.kv9­wGziԊ~uemM̩_cZd%PS)֜rMՌG>$LWZ ePtk܎lXs-hBq {cI^$I:K#DIFĨESj Xm6{,P,JTFF` JVe $Hb` RYlca{,F:3Ïo%e:bV.*GRB,%p,-YPOdPAe%(^#Y8??Zua(90fs x־Ѡd0uϽ7Nȧ04?DѠ)J%8A0ud?> ¯<+߸fUl{q4ujthx6l\ZC$ʆUžؙSu;ʓxFn1SF~ >s' =㣦uG~ԲxL+Kh4&cn+ZfXUOA0o]O>'?ykC7vtt>e\*ӵc6 'S7Ϧ(.::zF&T rnl5V=7`sO3~5]+0] "oM`gU/y{c fddڑfVH0seYGnbL[(2Bc7;-FQ"$/u>D8fk5*otq02 :zd2[1Ua%c3c):5+jtYMeqXCQP*ryRMfvx2l5*bt24 z"L},5*T*,h"|VdX0VRTҩUfd2y4q9$I œfx*[b@6}LL5^4ӨɴaQp #aKD:KMW,{\[V}̐VRx&orYI189WYb;f lpl2z-`5R\L7Dㅀض]%C׼;Ε)*Hҹ46L3>W(eQIb$Bq׮ݫ6lB(mZZם Vwᬑ+ۛW(.qY!s˗9=v'Kӏdr1~\jI6}NˉXr߿/?r=s VHo$ɢlt7-lغp8Sg6 ':A{/J/bdi7H$q;jU:yO n83eI24'#-%[EQl/_dLw~=?e8m |WwƋϨŒ.㉞!A[آwWYW@kK??Wu#RFAUW]R' O*:5t=0 nu(fiç:U^}Ua>Gu<|z4K޽v "svА W̙"niljcd8N}8ڱB~;6_4Jh^⴯B1rê5J04Rk{+4?2+Qc{H6OޡKuETչ|eY0Ls<"\ H٨t,5106Qv (T8MY,3Pi Œ 6Ռ#y#gu}޷].zߦg{ƞ} /rB݄B$8@j =[EKkR WZRR N 04m\ЇNz\!]#>9<+JS]D:t%ƧŮ$ BK^8ZTcA]WRNSёSCiCc,riY"ǵDCS3$SiAaa~AEc!OȱᓃܑQ I8qcSƇO "՚TMr礏*JcHЩaBxH 6K@k,Chj|~|&Zly_@v~a|k jcOvj_,2 '1\6z{U.:hh՚gG&M B+/rnQ$UB5_#te2٣GOr˵J&O?iai>rOZ{.V+ )NOmSzG lmTu/O]lλ 4b#GNJP/Z"~@S@Vis5 3}mBO^D2g{Uڿt7uϞakzV|l*)pӏMeoߵR.@S(WZ`Q\2· UkR,|~;;qߩO|T ^O{n2O>+rˎMG<#' 嶫h/_3SK+ 瞵jPK"B}y{,{><<'[9HxplRinV$kr4 /H<Cӎm}:&lȌG';qWAƦf6tw&fUc7vJ:>4^lçNs>M p5e:3G TWk~,eBⶈ#gr][6f3 v^DAp 'Q%qxbڴmYum~q@P+[jmaZȽ-~ߵ-T,+éLo|đ#'na{~j9xߝ3ћPvZ;[>Ɓd.g$ό:?-^FsBc;VwG'RًvluX!W4DFfq,ipBW\t; Iy6eZ2 <~FF&zܭ议T6)YDᖉv6X T6qdjf(x>j^zó/{h`c|?ѻwv,vlʱ#'?wVj.q<-S z/F2ML]EwFUfVzrQ"䕗8}/AqܗnݷB᡹EIvx\K {ox]'*e[d1©|䉊e>qЕ^;t]EQB>+ [oX󩑮nǾȯ}s)>{Tȩm`nk_OwoTg_nD":txo`Sڌޮ'7,9̕`pd<ʖ\;r]?|[oY!,4czSj"-U7* \V/S"Ypl#*ſCU]6ļ9lɖL ~|tj[7t^ 1FqW<91;ap?>us?y'˿sŕKeA̔nOxRݗ8݈ə(8⋅Z7S|uާ|"g+eIlgӧJ?w<&V9l+7W݅?# BƼۢZ`TƩ߁6@<"@-r<18@SB(-ˎ, Fި9]G!\k4/7tʒHmk:Qe ,C˒PT^hҹn'Ȃ 9Hq 2R3D8@STRuǽk'GƷq$wXw9BsҖqqD$榺*Mn,O,n> Ju7hgԬse*H@o 04^<1=ДiwrO?+tbi#'g29:=6ZoMΦixNتiUM+l39IFC/;}lh,z> ZT*eV--5gɒS}תg矮ROޥŻ1͉}׾;.t=zе{Fa@st@Iy}W\J Q8| Q,Ʀr}D诟?nktk7G-[4ezzv=iECdjbX '^--ehZml>dis_UeW~xH7jfd9f$s.$ɵB44}H-` Jqa%Z"4oVDKq*Y3tO$X},bnVvU2窘CGmB2eܴO49S!]Y(ۈz\}7n} Raơ#mC$毤K \iaM=8g\qۚ'͡^Y˃gtͯ)Jboz[Wq < -" Η=#A}xbٶxȢ04>F>`җn?ˣ|!ϰaÏ) c h0Wewnet4h,329 ,aWV+IT,>`^)"!;~Mc*q 49XjT(i!NմԬs`ZRI7&܊^ny2N-@K$$DZ!79Fmj[24K) )wܫ=a=*C;9<|0;-&!ӹ<ϱ}I0nMXJr sLڍ˶һr%e7Sd_ۮlsƫFG{ȱ㧒qiSߣ'p]C?,}?^ eYEmqer~C岹YgVʕ>O=vtO#iNOHDO$KwAܵEw_r(^t0o)qF;5_KH7۷iECP&{~qh_2ydn~V땽كz߿ \F9yGZӛ6켨̟|AsG7s T#9bkC)""_/pKX( L5 H"jtbPjODiLneh[J%^ױƶM|Sxi*ԇSǪιyeBߧ<:4 @35LƠ&/L:r, #ӆOHr,{`E^*4,Xi#骗(1jq#$Ѡм9ϱ#xxPLƽvDB|[<\T$whG]CRAPeN OPDBj= ^lZ}W7=|z\;R,[1M,67Sot&3lv8ddcWk[,<<ӧOU=c JKKG>j)s$~l;{O^3š|~hU4lFV{dv7ys_݇M궖{n2}:/$YvtsyW婿D^exƬzppoL P`U7Ln[l]s odjJpjT&0gkML̲ZE@h VY^_%$)22YzUg>!@|}`w]yDb<\LqT^4|ꈽ=gozC傔YK3i+Bw\yG"bVMaJt-E!WX.' $CӖmBl3 FUBo]kӉpqj> N.eQPDU4|$ Heh@u #$MSOVq%𩾆}Dd,ìgԀOc["xՀqp|JM'>P$$si[#!UDB3i׏'xs_[ba$}t #fs$VH!S,L#+ъ1V1;<7W(Z6i GS[z;~͕%BL6{ TJM C9YӚ \`fu맅H=f(,,7lH["UPI惓bJ@C2-fU@W TO h61SXxM~eowVQP![۫`{$:vy`6n-*fgi2Pͱd,dh44 SjpPCp?4ZUE'EQ5\uc݌$Z5׋1,7GxzpK:0a]+ + 8=9޴,@5ĕU8uI5EZq,=29%\\!#\t!E [p+)=rjQ:X} 8#&4 xdb -˪VVX$C7!ѓ"b "-WKs?M (xK'egSWpK޾q׮?kq꯿7.TK[ hVs{UjZciUU$Q,0JJ7p!48IqPyB+9pp[d$gq^·B K:8jzg&,Cu/{C^y#%Zc)q:Zp4/KA(ٽ }-3=s C|M4̉c2/Y=xz9yh_ڲlb8ƍ1 alqMš#ıOۄ`4En <+K%^" O'3V) ϰxJ5`UWīR]s6_T3](`ucg8ޟgٺk|^p o#wu`R1nt qt2@?aדtF(2"PSx\ܾUYq8˶i @<T$%|CnkbԩEI;%[s6#,)aYyI%)M0+ H415kY_S8:DY.WmݗXPzoq`!暽O?d9Hd,)n8HT46W33{oϞpOODZN ;In,q)%Zc57I1]QŤ򲘺)XUQ]s[ߢ{qw2.:Qw%2&f́4Tw QeI!Cմ{JL]CHQ4hK_(pOpԕ%ك e,C/Ju:m6rYnD8p԰p`h<űl(;sshLYƭ%,#_wՇ>nFvYiUh:(ɧ <̈́e5@_(z";Q6W{7\eMє=MSk.5Ӳ6mizF1vUfAΝ0ճ"uy:gDr_m3z֭ s\=G [LoG.)lE0,ah4deZ9Bqs5g[42MCɬ22 m~c qm{$.Rω`Zp(oi`fg$yxfȪ+hק2}ia`j k'iqD9kȂ8W.qtLiO41MБclvvM,!z0+TRZ_pcGJfzVrQG:3>ldNs" '1LX1dŬ1d6ʍ=Yu$/k@$Dji8iYQeQ\=FhyyV%Ml$ 'P6ܽ5,iĬ&J*B>z-\$4d"YvXVx~7İp? Zp0;G.#2#_o[ՉQ}B+1o޽gk养N߾dsh{B6U7=6DEQ|¹}]ŬzV.96n%Ҵx<\ǧ1!J%/I46&aƧ†γZ5EK\C lt B+`X)ꪝ[KkHi)\HݴHm#kǦfCOӲS C-q UeѧB !R]U&Y˄doCOE#On.T; ⡃wڶdiiC =|b$vCPԴif%ж"QB2jBP y!ԭQ ptS8Jj^HK߭ a[6#p8570 @#t$. ^ک#KSޢ:5],(ReK{a۬ 'jMam/8hn S\& n"`sSCc\o"})%|F2:"6k*`գ> #ڢZ1Z${*' *Fh>߳㵘U>,+6pLm>iV0_Md4$ջ2aXźSxcW_HݑtMƦfzeewzSlqtq>N/8ҵt8Mͺ1n~h|AΖX\q [z:/ ic#}bjVEU1:oZ5, ͐o7G3;;4՘cs~(ݶm@}*/$4?G3Ec0Ecn?])\A6*FPݻE_!/ER|W0# 4UbnȑwxPظW_=0TstAj&,+z- rXd_OO#'I?v{X6D9hQE;с}- xM[iqligi࢖־Plē*2%:|C354u-q47Gbn˷_ņn2X ݮ!R{,9qGacako oMM%ZɊmVw%40@[[T7 VOuDuFlrJj8[;|)v# g[l/t=@O=ZN\8%$Ig%KOON!7{c_dd sP[Ne" Y$BuP}9 a eE[U]c<P-KXc!cr&ݸEѕ>&|<x~Pj9ƽʵ8mם#e'gzɆq) |Mm}#S4MG U) P%^>帅:O_b JgrBĀ>]-aI!ޕl1Xl۶-˲,lYٶ} ƒ ]>#R((7=BZl`LE=m` Eٙlm+۶.JbVt;444&װsC%S|4_^'6qVqv"ן ŋSؖ5up^MY *GQQfAȗJP6Ֆe/nր䦡/,6!KDQ|&7Yҳ/.܎9> \Y =nm=}S^ S[zdд}j0ƺH"Hfw76Pn_U*Ux&;מ4 >Jd4<鶑Gnzؒ6rF>r)]DnAS#"ˢprxTNKT:9je#a^doG'[#<͸ɷSvi93"tIkZPǡ eV)縙SG':H~Y2稚ĦV2vvtME ʹ!iҜ)ʦM}|hHdb9=/? c,6iBX v(Dz[$!q:e Md%Yӯ[ }~bBbԮm .+: T߱ kU{\b#qأ8NR7Rܼ,ʬiIfcv=prv}Ƅ!61$9_]q"%(+RqW!&/XQ,ůT@yӬn' EmNO-3 !68ݰɊ4L}Kn$v۾dnWpӵ y-?L0je8T{Yzc65&m M#W6J dZ% D2EQc] ;02JqqFtkyøL&j,Ӧ)*\Zç:ͦ'e5+^ !B{;*r0u"=-5^B6k&nj@eV!xA`\t\jC3nⅮd0*4 !"B:- F0KE`CV}4п{w[ni8qА8nZo[V(l:۲֡(tm;vO`q4aAȖ_ŘB\h^7d=l^ ŗ)+wl1^dv0ŽD+5__tC}<Q4Y_?bO|EN#[xPX\+ ,}%hn,疻Eѭp2Q ʸˮMS4ԍJ/3Y`r.uXtPXգ-d,ݽfƽ0Fqe6rURF,NGCsq2˕*5p3 - \ k:G+0F5ͤ)1VbƆpZk8m; D,%h̢+hQoC'ΤǗ{w#"}8Mb{w@( hL L_iӟ'~//"Q{gJ2UMnue=mw[G Y!nXMڧIri:87f㪎D[@+iږC縦wp"e1@P7͗[)Hn.1 =mQu]ډml6vBB ~QThfo{7i&y^bW8W /TG^rsIyԩ+?>0Bрߍy,fr|эәjm #%!KWp h1|,+e'S~E jwDZ,I G&,k%p<$qxeO{WT}lΝ`[#YG1+,GL|2;ucBL R8כfm"ժYC0͉ xV-Ӣr-o'w!|`S6!fE"ь@3@Ƌvһӌ8غ(DqɲB,˩es@TQi@Ul %۶Ym*qMӱP8ZSU_&#/}:ջ2ba33&M) M,ʕzvqYk0|N[caUY F)xqQ`hjh|Rй48 $ C]4B0W3ewKrywB*ǩB Qom[>fLa楋.`VO~Bݐ5PBQLC(rX95ȩaFV= eBgiVUY9b4`m%hAxb[e'St=FUmS8+~}@_h~Vo۶ZۅcwcH 4۶#1kBјk\h_׺[xme cq5J>7O"G_co =vNȮ^s7}w=|b/ۺO'pn_ ^=ყKr۞2ct =<+=oܑ~6kc8_?7u^Z=eۮ}]ؓ_c'l8M!R9*r)[8 S,KqZwǽHq5$5Yh#*멦H٥ EiMe;WD1mtf:t*V~ DW8$̊q4/ݺ~Ksj՜rꗔID,f^Qh6I*?E/ǒ;#U$U* Jcb[&%־/ȲՒ&l&3q^n82*eӬ1-Y"0+VT/T+4~^"ÆuK b}2Ei#/"paeo+?}s;3uozNg߸}ck֘K׽mo ׯT%?qj^g ۶n0W\Qd@19ïmwt^O\/=}oA=GGwW8|a,V#S. }C)E|lhS{iٓ3hP* F3Tt.$$7 p,o GiaDICfjĬ<2q0vjb5 JoQr[!eXN'm+qȶ-Veŵq4Dٶ bF4wI愬im0~5a%B`xqf.qiCKdIÄ:XfuI\縦k /TS"ƊhC~m#gJU{woD6ǨӃjϖ--*uɰNkbw XI'bF(+|ڍ(W}:-mYnAfH.ÝZ!j.S(iP^d㈲.,f3H fm'}zӴB:G3!=k-_`Y ]8ؖiS7m7VC; ~DIE`)j=/l^}'+SH{Qu}Qt"nČխ̎PPۨ,> ?x}W<{;B@j-b) ϗeSV,# :3pe-p>7rsRij@LeBY9Nscāxb顱TGK#49zm2Q*ٹ6rXjqk|Ұ,4@Caو9+[PX#GqC5-Dy-!hfORgrbǵfY m ䷫z\W,CV#eևQXNbٰ$-yf\cXq͘J=>*{k)n=8t`yӕ6vo>oXk/} h[nȠC}w^o_< ~<}m3ʽCo;pu~=_aqĔ$ >EOIW)(@iB&fjFsqF޾%CӖm@Hc] @l,Mm1r/q :~AS_U(A˲hAEr7 !ˁtl>EQU}kxm[Ĭ.%Q_e8C1E,1v>>\;K&=m MBwq+O-СC,vvI?|`ddrjdrL&W5McRNST"9vdrF#b2ɵ"6R3he#{;Tirkg#:|(6:l])!s {:qj'òʪNK@47qoeYU cl&CÇf9~~a={[;IE{6hȷe Ǧfi ~Y O8d"gyJFSTvP"ɱpZX& d:іHpSΕOo9q(q/Jem;4HMe0ik H8h#pUmXn2)Y2@<.$x $[ɂLoۼZ!DznٶkD=Ez._$aj6 p,3aWJp!>˴`P,!=`qqdq58$(+BDž)ƪsC)I\W׈: 'rp⺤`-onܬPq|9Sߍel(=qAXb9U~*, O5UK2֖۟ ex54@dskcqAzV4o:UUW_$ƆlU op4<=rE ,˲ $W^Ӹ6"Ǿj=KQ6A3 c~-yv:1$_v4hƋӯq( i."]X.J(@bWtπgY7={2ޠѱ_ݚHHs|e琰}0^~qjaP!^XkV8Nnnn||X3t| ٱ0QF`M;ؾY;;{5Mwx-@#˕90 Bܨ 7Yy'ɚՂr egfmyL+SdS 0\mPT դ: 3DXrp*e{n23bF:{g*N+94YeGSNDQ4u}=^!.ZC5B(ZX d6Snjc㷠˚爤P(7J+#o=^9hoWw0#x`kXn[0,' O_ V/ Koognw"OF.ƾ;LuoQy\Էz\ӽmCI-3 Ll?{c!yx#z{=Kz<:N3B ^zvj54yw Py8SPᱎYɯ~AT˪=<Ư͡CX}e<<^)ή k!X`YF`䛇ǹV|.^8 jǙjXYju=<<<<<5^Xxc]ju=<<<<<5^Xxc]ju=<<<<<5^Xxc]ju=<<<<<5^Xxc]ju=<<<<<5^Xxc]ju=<<<<<5^Xxc] dOۻ(3{CQŀHEנFkM0&1MLALLLڌɴIH;tX1mHbG Q/ / /qoMnϲ^~ۙ>}ؽclD|B|U]Y>YT|㞺fF}== o|n`y&!DT5ʟY 0yHuRV&{xp#/VSPO l_ggg 0$YV; 9V+Ro_aB!Q<^W "؉(`'% ijjR(yyy[ee;T*x.Hr9xժT*)s+av;d!26M.KR>nfFBq: ߏ4Md2Br\NR^އ2 C4i~?gxKJ55#ï 0 jD"HO_Jsԩ`'v̙QQQN*666:::eee~wK鮬Vl.--3ӧ 6Lgϝ7w.Ư\t:SSSyƟ8q∈>vѣ-Zij7o񌯪{5?p`3XTOujnw⻋| {ԈO-划~.HRTՀubnJ yfK<$ gT*)\&%,!DJQ.2-L* L \&/!D!$KgtCB0B/+o充<)PqxQQQ [YYٲej^ommJh4>xT>5ƍC1ˇv5ƥQRg/ceޠǍ%c?9(\89Vvs .;/|n٘Y㤄0][m.91"}Zt}/m[qg%-+% 5UyOU_ԌPVLoնwzgGZC'Ϙ;+bmgDs˵s?ZlPH!3;`8U;wm-j7kf)(XWԬ)5n2fk]cdOX•L@2 j蘞_A !^[Y؜V|au0on[zڂː3=_vªՙY ۜYƭod;YnP_wFLؓorWCĜǟ}dO]p7quk9}WA:sv]kY#"`C!0*byCm ?_xP8j_2jdɝgXmL5(\4429) s͜׏VQjO>gnvHD3 {(D>0mڹOY~3c+v展)e;J?~~ɂ;nw7nP ƞ|Wo[gČx.n䈮K8>]k1 6'$$UXIroGG?FR'ee.]rj6,RҰp)!P!nqɟ5(\twcnw2ϱ[V%>ǂQS7v,8}ԇbm}6{;騘RBdqݝjf͝AzvOLX1A|Йؓ/Isx6$Ԁ XZ|jTn^f":oGGFwba7l !-bZZb%^D%5#9G2)ɬ! OйFDR(e tǙ5].bk!"gϟz`Om?}|¼qb^Ѳ1!:xgwxWZ?sڞHktO˵t,J E}4ۑdž~wLo7k.]Ny}vO_nd.D<} Ӫ~ѻ%aau״NgĄ5 Sծ[o-nźg2u!$/Onz]8؋tQ郃}Q1:Ht$ɞ:!=1J5$G(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(R j(6 endstream endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 36 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 440.5040 474.0584 581.1920 486.2684 ] >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf) >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 38 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 165.7160 149.6487 171.6467 160.5020 ] >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 41 0 R ] /Contents 40 0 R >> endobj 40 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3169 >> stream xYrF}WK*쓣d[UqmEyCrE+ ==4v]e0=}9}1~g|)_o~ c#M|')!糛c܉\ַNUZ UT]Vu~+}'*&e+֒[?ceU-kUlJ,7z^n~bonb/CQ;VẀ-{mTSH_@KQlTfR ;W,>nk-x,?ʹ@pYWQ`x(=,I 펤^D7 &a0m>oóȋA!Nc^g~\+޷o\l8luTJ؉&lu Wn_^}}_e%zEe}IcJ`M'r/N|Wtx;wx'4 Kc/3Bltx{6C/I3gDT3A߱UkiU-nV6JDܝqIymˡnҸtr ̃2/B>$0n5/DV#B5fsXnU(@-::CR1TӮ3؉2tλt +X:c V5%~x{Z[ MI>)HC{.e!JȢJ2ڜt-mOT/'Q@8kqa3SVJ_v1K`C|#`aww ̫{i̷Tkڂc!sR 2p# ED+ }!7]ar0'z{Ԫ&?_SWzVxꥀә֞K8M&} 2q $ϩSj, 1PHv{67"rϨf<_M}S$ܕG.c&z}z^ bބjhC$6l')< 0_54Ϩp%{ĩKQY9@LzRY6Gq3>zf?%˯VH-E/\& QRsJ;:n{x^}x8wy 2/kL3@AQ@j&OJY,PuG.Hq'VOV% 6Gqw.e. PhQgoY!FyEp"|ߪfId@) $} 4(med Q`E"d)\Xņm =Hj9ˁ˧e41^TDgs>_=#Fիj8h4A^^t Qxei&!fjhov.4`V!h6 `ӂo_͋z9Ru4d4oZ"Z5lf2Hf "tFYzF䇙B'iQPN!`$ J Uk$EpB`hKVwq]D`kmnIThA(jbl:@QAy-4w=ZK(6eU[u SP qTqU@#O*Z\`+)a@5uVD@{Pm@!ÉA&\Ӊp8BȡG৯ @a% #| CQzf_^< 2@Z"_اoϞ 0o_V7R޳ T.ebh x+M܍8rZQ*;v.݀Rs>j,[p:5|BQӔ :ǎ~Ԝ~'%Eb=/Y1dřyQȠi-";(sRQfgUgp,y 1c^J*̉ot0MfJoe /hLj1<@ݎ72ϧVh5[U%uw׿Rr((ُh=P==Iq8gIb7NjHzEzWF?]$I?͐Z{Oi$#UM;Y3vh\!n+(|f7v>HzgQJ5zp hLgNo4_GݢoXuCm[yZz?زLZhwʌQثTEo8!6] URDM!03NJ^+@5Tim~^IiPb(bdј6ݬuitFi4LqWe`ߪiޫ6'aP9G^Z`qbBb vV"+m+ߌ; "X:"@R8W++E:I\5̂xǟ_73(~$J?e ۱n$>߫ >^FyDzQ^WD͊ΊW8[w穓e3Q3zA? t,BQj4~x7W;kGGpTF4"DTfiқ^s%RkʆTs_ -6 endstream endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 42 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 275.7440 276.1287 281.6747 286.9820 ] >> endobj 42 0 obj << /Type /Action >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 44 0 R >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 516 >> stream xSn0+C|NqV@Q9-e 1R-1(ݢ:h3F;xxrYDɣJRC ʐ@xͲ>vSWw0M8GA?ڴ6WkT E$j-mq`t3mm'5AFY@''J:n!IṭF d׮H.8̺d͔?̑3k ߠ.0.6ܞNS"cJZ c: U@&/N&)!c`wMB ! %,kv ?a+Mʴ4›Sĝ.38C*TQ0 etyB*?J)ӥtQ_fWfWwakJӼ u;?*R2:zl 3!K& T!(9]{)8oBl7u& ɋMeo/,- endstream endobj xref 0 45 0000000000 65535 f 0000000009 00000 n 0000000074 00000 n 0000000120 00000 n 0000000449 00000 n 0000000486 00000 n 0000000635 00000 n 0000000778 00000 n 0000003423 00000 n 0000003532 00000 n 0000003640 00000 n 0000003748 00000 n 0000003861 00000 n 0000003987 00000 n 0000004023 00000 n 0000004149 00000 n 0000004185 00000 n 0000004313 00000 n 0000004349 00000 n 0000004477 00000 n 0000004513 00000 n 0000004572 00000 n 0000004631 00000 n 0000004688 00000 n 0000004745 00000 n 0000004876 00000 n 0000007143 00000 n 0000007259 00000 n 0000007387 00000 n 0000007423 00000 n 0000007551 00000 n 0000007638 00000 n 0000007769 00000 n 0000009846 00000 n 0000011032 00000 n 0000085690 00000 n 0000085818 00000 n 0000085942 00000 n 0000086070 00000 n 0000086106 00000 n 0000086230 00000 n 0000089473 00000 n 0000089601 00000 n 0000089637 00000 n 0000089742 00000 n trailer << /Size 45 /Root 1 0 R /Info 5 0 R /ID[] >> startxref 90331 %%EOF Greenhouse Gases – Natural and Human-Caused – and Their Impacts – Bangladesh Environment Network

Greenhouse Gases – Natural and Human-Caused – and Their Impacts

I. Introduction

1Greenhouse gases (GHGs) from human activity are blamed for global temperature rise that is beginning to cause climate change that may make the earth uninhabitable. However, it should be noted that natural GHGs, including carbon dioxide (CO2), normally present in the atmosphere before the dawn of the industrial age, made the earth habitable. It is the release of additional GHGs, mainly CO2, arising as a by-product of the industrial revolution that began around 1750, that is causing the global temperature rise. Much of this GHG release in the past 150 years has been from burning fossil fuels and agricultural practices. As manufacturing processes become more sophisticated, such as those for the manufacture of electronics and solar panels for CO2-free electricity generation, recent novel man-made GHGs with much greater global warming potential than CO2 are being emitted, raising serious concerns.  

In this report, the role of naturally occurring GHGs and the global temperature rise of the past 150 years from GHGs released mainly from fossil fuel use are briefly reviewed. The potential future impact of the release of novel GHGs being used in manufacturing processes is also noted. 

II. Earth’s Energy Balance and Effect of GHGs

The earth would be cold and likely devoid of life forms were it not for the energy emitted by the sun that reaches it. The sun puts out 1370 watts of energy per square meter (w/sq-m). Using the earth’s surface area exposed to the sun, one can show that the sun’s energy falling on the earth is approximately 175 quadrillion2 watts or 175 million gigawatts of power. However, earth reflects much of it back into space. Using two key laws of physics 3 to account for energy reflected, absorbed and reradiated, we can show that the earth’s surface temperature should be at -18 0C. While this temperature may allow some life forms, it would be hard for us humans to survive. 

Natural greenhouse gases, water vapor and a small amount of CO2  present in the atmosphere came to our rescue by trapping heat to raise the temperature– nitrogen and oxygen present in the atmosphere do not trap heat. The water vapor raises the temperature by about 30 0C and the CO2 present naturally (approximately 280 ppm before the industrial age) adds another 2-3 0C, holding the average global surface temperature at about 15 0C.  

However, human-caused emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere since the dawn of the industrial age has trapped additional heat (denoted as radiative forcing) in the atmosphere, raising the global temperature. These impactful GHGs reached yearly values of 410 ppm for CO2, 1866 ppb for methane, and 332 ppb for Nitrous Oxide (N2O) in 20194. CO2 addition has come mainly from use of fossil fuels for power (coal, petroleum and natural gas-methane (CH4), with coal being the most potent contributor,) and petroleum use in automobiles. Methane and N2O release arise from agricultural practices. There is some methane release from petroleum production as well. 

III. Global Temperature Rise- Latest IPCC report

Well over a hundred years back, researchers had predicted5 the potential for global temperature rise from emission of GHGs, mainly CO2. However, not much attention was paid until the 1970s when the global temperature rise from human activities began to alarm the world. In 1988, governments came together at the UN to establish the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to review and enhance climate science for action. The work of the IPCC over the years has strengthened our understanding of climate science. This led to the 2015 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), known as the Paris Climate treaty, to hold the global temperature rise to below 2 0C, preferably below 1.5 0C, to avoid catastrophic climate change. The IPCC has three working groups, WGI-Physical Science Basis, WGII- Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, and WGIII- Mitigation of Climate Change. A large number of scientists from around the world participate in these Working Groups and in preparing their reports. 

The IPCC Working Groups periodically update their assessments. Working Group I (WGI), finalized its sixth assessment (AR6), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, on August 6, 2021. This assessment  updates the science behind climate change, past, present, and future. The report’s contents were released in three main formats: Summary for Policy Makers (SPM), Full Report (3949 pages), and Headline Statements. One of the Contributing Authors to this update was from Bangladesh.  

The broad findings in the WGI AR6 report are the following:

  1. The global temperature rise is clear and the human influence in this rise is unequivocal. 
  2. The scale of recent changes across the climate system, as a whole, is unprecedented over many centuries to many thousands of years.
  3. Human-induced climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe.  

However, a detailed look indicates that the confidence level on human causes of these outcomes is not uniform across them. For example, as discussed in a later newsletter item,  the confidence level (on human causes of) extreme precipitation and agricultural/ecological drought are much less than the confidence levels on extreme heat, across regions. 

Figure 1 adopted from the WGI AR6 report, displays the changes in global surface temperature relative to 1850-1900. This is the earliest period with sufficiently complete observations to estimate global surface temperature. It is consistent with the previous assessment, AR5 on WGI. 

Figure 1. History of global temperature change (Figure SPM.1 adopted from Summary for Policy Makers) 

The left panel in Figure 1 displays the reconstructed temperature until 1850 and the observed temperature between 1850 and 2020.  The reconstruction is done using paleoclimate archives (yr. 1-2000) utilizing climate models and data from ice cores. The figure successively notes a previous warmest multi-century period of 1 0C change, a relatively stable period of about 1- 900 AD with a change of about 0.25 0C, followed by a global cooling period 900 AD-1500 AD, then a relatively stable period until about 1800. The temperature is then observed to rise rapidly and appears to have risen by more than 1 0C. In fact, the report notes that relative to 1850-1900, the global temperature rise was 0.99 0C.   In 2011-2020, it was 1.09 0C (9.5- 1.20 C). The shading shows the very likely (90-100% probability) ranges for the temperature reconstructions.

The right panel in Figure 1 depicts an expanded display of the observed temperature profile, the simulated natural only cause (solar and volcanic) and simulated human and natural causes combined. Solid colored lines show the multi-model average, and colored shades show the very likely range of simulations. It should be noted that the latter shows a very close match to the observed temperature profile, adding confidence to the simulation. The likely (66-100% probability) range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850–1900 to 2010–2019 is 0.8°C to 1.3°C, with a best estimate of 1.07°C.

IV. Impact of GHG Emission on Global Temperature Rise Since 1750. 

As predicted by Arrenius6 and others, the global temperature rise noted above came from emission of  GHGs from human activity since the dawn of the industrial age. Scientists use a term radiative forcing (RF) of the atmosphere that is the net energy gained (by the atmosphere) due to the heat trapped by  GHGs.  Assuming an RF of zero in year 1750, with the CO2-equivalent in the atmosphere at approximately 280 ppm, they estimated that a 475 ppm CO2-equivalent corresponding to an RF of 2.6 watts/sq-m) would result in a 1°C rise in global average temperature. Well-mixed green-house gas amounts have continued to rise since 1750, reaching yearly values of 410 ppm for CO2, 1866 ppb for methane, and 332 ppb for N2O, in 2019.   

These gases have different global warming potential (GWP). Relative to the 100-year GWP (denoted as GWP-100) of 1 for CO2, methane (CH4) that arises from soil, cows, farming, and natural gas production has a (100-yr) GWP of 84. N2O released mainly from agriculture (soil fertilization) and also as a byproduct of fuel combustion and industrial processes has a corresponding GWP of 273.  In a crude approximation, considering a composite GWP of the three gases, the 1.07 degree C average global temperature rise shown in Figure 1 appears to be on target.  

V. Potential for Future GHG Emission and Global Temperature Rise

(i) Core GHGs: We noted above the amounts of three key human-caused GHGs, CO2 methane, and N2O, in 2019. According to the IPCC WGI Ar6 report, their increases from 2011 were 19 ppm for CO2, 63 ppb for CH4 and 8 ppb for N2O. This increase continues. For example, according to data from Hawaii’s Mona Loa Observatory, the CO2 inventory was at almost 417 ppm by July 2021. Their unabated emission would continue to cause an increase in the global average temperature. It is estimated that GHG concentration at 800 ppm CO2-equivalent would add to the forcing function of 4.5 and lead to a temperature rise of 2.2 °C. At 1,313 ppm reflecting no mitigation, the temperature rise would be 3.7 °C. Both scenarios would most likely cause major changes in the global climate that could result in significant increases in extreme weather events and rising sea levels. 

(ii) High-GWP Gases: There are several manmade GHGs used in industrial processing that have a much higher GWP than CO2. These include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). HFCs are used as refrigerants, aerosols, and solvents, PFCs are used to make fluoropolymer coatings and products that resist heat, oil, stains, grease, and water, and SF6 is used in several electrical transmission and distribution systems. NF3 is finding increasing use in manufacturing of flat-panel displays, solar photovoltaics, LEDs and other microelectronics. According to the IPCC WGI Ar6, the GWP-100 of HFC’s could be as high as 14,200 for HFC-23 and 3,740 for HFC-125. The GWP-100 for SF6 and NF3 are 25,200 and 17,400, respectively.   

The amount of most of these high-GWP gases in the atmosphere are still small. Their 2019 atmospheric inventories were: HFCs (237 ppt7 HFC-134a equivalent); PFCs (109 ppt CF4 equivalent); SF6 (10 ppt); NF3 (2.05 ppt). In view of their small inventory, the effective radiative forcing function of these high-GWP gases contributing to global temperature rise is still small. However, their amounts are increasing. For example, between 2011-2019, HFC-125 increased by 187%, SF6 increased by 36% and NF3 increased by 147%.  Alternatives to SF6 have been developed, but it remains in wide use. With rapidly growing PV and electronic markets, the atmospheric inventory of NF3 and hence its forcing function contribution can grow at a rapid rate. So over time, alternatives will have to be explored. 

The IPCC report reiterates a definite global temperature rise and relates it even more clearly than previously to  human-caused GHG emission. The close match of the simulation-predicted increase with observed data largely invalidates the skepticism of climate change deniers about climate models.  The report, however, cautions us about even more potent (high GWP) human-developed GHGs used increasingly in industrial processing including the manufacture of computer chips and solar PV for renewable energy generation. 

+ posts

Dr. Ahmed Badruzzaman, a nuclear physicist by education, has spent over 40 years studying multiple energy technologies and related issues at various US organizations. He is a professional faculty at Haas School of Business in University of California, Berkeley and chairs the BEN Energy Panel. He is an SME Consultant to the US Department of Energy.

  1. This article is based on the course, Energy and Civilization, that the author co-teaches at the University of California, Berkeley.
  2. 1 quadrillion = 1015
  3. The law of energy conservation and the Stefan-Boltzmann (SB) law, The SB law relates energy radiated from a blackbody surface to the quadratic power of the temperature on its surface.
  4. ppm = parts per million, ppb=parts per billion
  5. In 1856, American scientist, Eunice Foote, in a paper had noted the enormous potential of CO2 to trap heat. In 1896, Swedish chemist Savente Arrenius predicted that doubling of the CO2 concentration in the air would raise the earth’s surface temperature by about 4 0C . Arrenius went on to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. In a 1908 paper, he decried the role of coal combustion in generating the CO2.
  6. Arrhenius, S. (1896) On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground. Philosophical Magazine, 41, 237-276.
  7. ppt= parts per trillion

Leave a Comment