%PDF-1.7 1 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Outlines 2 0 R /Pages 3 0 R >> endobj 2 0 obj << /Type /Outlines /Count 0 >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [6 0 R 18 0 R 20 0 R 22 0 R ] /Count 4 /Resources << /ProcSet 4 0 R /Font << /F1 8 0 R /F2 9 0 R /F3 10 0 R /F4 11 0 R /F5 24 0 R >> /XObject << /I1 12 0 R /I2 13 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 14 0 R /GS2 15 0 R /GS3 16 0 R /GS4 17 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] >> endobj 4 0 obj [/PDF /Text /ImageC ] endobj 5 0 obj << /Producer (dompdf 1.0.2 + CPDF) /CreationDate (D:20260326070228+00'00') /ModDate (D:20260326070228+00'00') >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 7 0 R >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1158 >> stream xUn6}WS^F}^f4@@KDDRJFbr,€d$3gffqOVu?BFJV?hP֢YPHx &RUsu-*Ը\P/B_#,VЎK\FPo}!L^9{N?n]baL\AR jv6 $Klt)F 8"pT8׼Jy1>_y{)WLaFZb߇;OVfRVB$"m Fikp퉭*d-庖JTSzׁ`cZtcoG%ͺ&bpPJnT)AVMx*CT9 R1ЍEx E(9sK 9 يD1t4 ij[2a tCڱblJJ0 aH*Оg|*Eo|4C1cXq- pc. kmF%D׃E:[e-vPv^_],'8 KnxZl8.Dil'jm j.+k߶2Kz)j=5G+z-2ٞ@_ƢJ1Z+ە~6n$f>DNDty=,Y^/+X.V7F4"cgEwBV5*VཧeBLzZUwы.ig8g Ǟz un:y\=PȌ}3v*b?;DE~3.=Ł~tfw6ۇ&k_ Nb3`H୭:K$lN64+NG~G(V@J}(7Du endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F1 /BaseFont /Times-Roman /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F2 /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 10 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F3 /BaseFont /Helvetica /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F4 /BaseFont /Helvetica-Bold /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 400 /Height 526 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Filter /DCTDecode /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 47078>> stream JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?P(((?SMEtvW *j_} ._wZ 'Ջ`J'jsW'<' 9VKh5--Q7}|'[d'{&-VKS&iuN>?rt=BDZ=h~VO$%(x+MU?O 6q#<Ԇ>?b ^P}|EPneI򊥫f OxZT6֌$)"GӵVk0O6=f?D{TQEjEPEPEPEPu4ڂ{ybWs3Q^/|]~#_ͣ|0.V7|SzVSy!U>A-gUG?go|'T1:ʈoZQEQEQY .-"mKZ!m\6ZMkM#,kkƓvwxFXowYf_+QL?t,', iָoثw2.;Y;mg1Obz~Oh^gcco)8 UE}Rh=i1-b8_ZD)_E-QH(((^Xjult˙ҳ?ꚅڷ2oOg^ -h ~Qn;!u)4kOf ?V'W>o|?էf$oʾ(((5V4:摛j̞8> XVtl,Tjɰ-~{ߎwv_,_u+󯁿 ~ =ݬhx5\\G+P ( (!ݿvծ {&koO/yEw\$ 6l#|өuWhiRiF2{#̿e/%L,ͼW,%{|j޷GYZuԱڹZq ?vZ^81M/0AZu$o0X❗[h L7/-kcWҠ~ӿ l" 3dv촕)Vb᷄/ĺ+]?Gռy}kg>٬[RJV3:?zkv:ݛod&~-kukixk[SגCF+vGqW`'è3CK_(Z~4sMx:iZCRmʎb->ee{Zůii-O  5:NaڭmXVC_ "&]RQE"B* g[x2iOXx_HյK+/ ['&?-PӚs_ݘ7m|7g(%_v̥dXHeiw4W~:αxT {+H:e3Ij˺8GTI{ QEQE3jqTu+[ax[/֥_)$jO7Q6exw\V0]MaJ>džxFo߶|Aj/xuO6Sm<+/ %i$_ ?۝:NWS|-J^wS(~qΎ(2Š+;x? 5meᵙYZq&w,ހA𭇊x՛MB/NK[Ghߍz}|ED~ Շ|!.˽2mMH?SҬ׿'ֈR>E"o€4?n2Ckc]Nק5S~ӟ0|/:ׄ%x. {MGfw~l/@W YOw~NcҪF+EQEVnx{KԵ+mb2O<8}*G/'g_iY=SejW yj z?kx/Et=7L]5B촍Kx8-V4ʢ(+P (#*_msj ['ux9":4\˟wWLRJUj_߾m~V_⭤|32λ~Vf]`'$}R\z/ZշmDv^ |ϻԓk/f)6RevV=Ŀ L[/ޛy?67@'A}B;OPMY6Gg*/_~K7$wjzޛ_JJIRٙET_x |V>S7W˿Pm¶ևXN$ߚ/QE ($վ7h#_hZ\~KՅD}2JY]"gTUkuoh?H4wk]YNҤȏc>Df'o7ak;oܘS|W.7o cox~ >y#;!Ay _X! ~T3ͣ>jݟLP߈Mk/vSb}G򢑖X%"?vݻ|(Fխv^O0VhMlZ:((((U[n浴C෇?qi[dgo-Z?Wrے_~ u_~7 {Hݮq}֌WaB<|,|\𥯈;ts|$2޼Ɯ]Vf=ޙ} is TSN<%.x--ys*/d~ٞ׿f[g=ͦ0DUd4DuoPEPEP_>~vqK6xfOr,}_3ܺ|4&3"E/Y7Cx~_7A$mVghht{+Ǭ)D~ (gWtFe4Uޭ@" =օȖ?'YP|c̮g-S6}{o0ʷom%H~o69Z~$2V:Eep|hρ|-_2J#X':diO?3Ga_uv~5xoZյ$ffy=3\|ӷ_վC.ެ+s2啚Yİ6*կGNU} ҦŢ+o+y_cgKs7cث_XW?iՍOj,4X_o]Z/Q\|UoU7 }t%m׍~q?f7heSUz‹:=!)+~*?_h-4vYYfOXFt5TP~bu$)5fI<*%`f$FfB(((.j[^'X;T$Jal>kʲ[7*~_3x@/4moR;]>HtOlU-ȱtG]ƭm'IYb;t"Lo/^O߄7Z$_nwxݑk־ߕhN^++HҕYRwG[pEm}kw15W!Sc~"WM!4ʓ42.77k~'x+ƚG{KtUnyYv2ח8UJ3Rm#!ާ>5|SVxe$j[(gMH`ѵ#in-Ή}1lFeI`lvt~2_ #D3AigmGixywC )G}̺jt9%unUo)n>*K-G J{*Iɏ+ S(<֗1>v>lV1(?*ӵ+MN++-gA4rEVz?}hVچyq^隌&G29cYqṼ3K;+STe l XapNZ<ۼM\mvj]Sc˯]:WџRFRёF/]M]Jp{QEx/HUݷ}7[V)k"ٿJGV?eizn1S+잹ETQEQEQEQEQEqj;Z6@q}SrFx+ZֲMKk i ?~{mc?䯱(wmբVk;TO(z"O7@w?bP{m&}5<}̊_y wuo/4x<7g?,.H"fmk.#D#}tt}fz]{&~ XeeWVp>w4F=DUO jzoݎݤ?-~ ×z6gy"eGMe_+|A] gMm?e%SGKG[{M캅7Gq¼k(h:.6Z3-m兩kmk߾2zkKԭu(/n#A$SۣOa^W[x5|k h} V?26xSκGuWj%Y[?<QEpQEQE|`|mLj5-mĿV)y$wg/$ec@<]Mm\2F壏ύ%fݠIǙ\_)^_VZk1|[m`wlW)>t]"Fhݒ+6mv} x1Uw*f^_!jhOqp-b_V;5涚_.h*Dz#5#2 1r~]qWχDUofI jڭvw~ ԍ. ,k*_gu#׭<-ͩ6WmܻEUx` t R6UO.;}$4t63FI'TOwῇYxH "+IH7$ym痺5Uzj(((m*L((((((" ޴shpik;{bFqrAxWgĻAuhn[EmFuDcnļk> z'͕u`<<61ǚho׼K-V'vtqL$WڌxJڭ^-gbK`e3]/G:mMZ8i '|kqOP*yoX%"2,(r3:8Eԧ e˱i8t-;P-XݖiʹdYgye7m?[+k(^7I+迄4Z' XBZ6ǻ%}\2gUʲ}:#+(\%M4g^#E sP9qB_jhOot?LJRlt+!5 Y^IV8gxwKbӭ j h1Z`lVC3Z].m>d?+}S`3׾ ]irGo\ʿg,wFh7Xo6:OhtK[Xݏƹ|!4/CD_51ŪGԖ9EĊfT+^ZI-o hڔjL9ǡ忲v6 -kPm>;Xj?ťƯj gv4חWx3|xO^uΉ-cd'dϔގ.&ot\J|k曯 ee7½A5O<?~% nbVÈov-ThJilvQiT]}TZ "XYEvQ7l7'Aso+>В+Ⱦ9]Kii)8 J+}] t]@+y^߃SV}[R]EY༑ߙX7,bPj%>xCP^BM/l6:q</q&%}@Q@Q@Q@ eĿ|-~(Zk9]Hb-_n2Ē,oQv33=;ź%-ޙy>!mvk 3Ƕaf_x警ﻥيNzDYS%h+ĝԚM-5>Xv֯Lފo˫_m|c\ wP_A=iVݭ_:/1G:VE_MJ=7M&;x̐F+ascjQ\|si 6Pkgmkc+K4tcz爬7Q?rk_:Kmf)Mp"OFO~g՟_w&(N4-QHifڲI]lmq#ڬ_3[nU_eGI4)bHo85T崃Jɩ/T䋵>#[m#zƑ/Ds/&ýl5wM_if+ܥN>W;>(Š(K[C}xWk7ߖ|)0myu Oⷹ} zU|Xi#Ry}+ڈW)'~'u /+6K7mmuu|O:AE~{R/w2y_kG1Դ{#hNټ_GJ__$="ne Uѯ'Ԣ?u,z7Zg6|O%3FX~7Rp+C&%y~uY/D\O7<}"ڮo­WV ҚPՇt]KMÔޒ/V|oڕlnSTx=2G1fG[_ď%֣ s?dLms>/<i3eb$&)!_|F'|ixdT{L3g;_~X),Omq,/jZ+FȺ^x%ִj:4vH7K F_]QZy}Y_F)9h1+=n k4;-'&Lv-fKrX"7W|4mFmCTZ$l+q5{_AË]tK2ybx X 0|/Smo) 4k՝k_i -tfHr׺TZ9>Ӯ/]i$o4k=kά4OpWx::}XLgǤ̍dM)Fk_'J,|Y{{5&+ns咟ooIg?6|k?Zdh!~*wn,WͿ~/=[y=Cu%?^ZXWc{(BybmVKϷmTܬpC}z.oOЭuK*;-STVᴸ`ͷwυUq^A|3R_P\Ȫ6['4:[b=?Ē kGkȈ+(WtVM;fU_5ݻ_Ꮖ"Qa[VMA>:|\?O\i|)]7̨~-}UM0Ө7|NWd#mCS,=>ԍJ /ě|w|$yV߸bOOH~ ;]f{9w}'my~>5vqm}\C }ʿ>gW[|VqS\[}r|@m,3Ew,R$6_69kxG lʉ,f52A?8҈q ( qIڽ SaѲ+8 |#u[o i mO$rWi%o?5îxM[Ut:\cA%>u<?El㼞O[p1ʔk x;(㾑yk6o? 71l[RUzMQEQEQEQEQExOI Frd~'x/uWWV 9+))V_,3"Uuܬ?4=dqHtBE9Y /ҽB( W ε7yJ?h4Cg1_h[gNqϻ5q!V dy^ݤD36G^u"^+#Y`w$6aV+,(+O7LR/wMׄ/|7C\|$Q%OqYtUdwda}֋Κ$<јm\gĿQƷv+þ -_:Uh7kW+kϋV|gzmSڈ5FHaKtU Vu|oo($_VRmq;eY67.8zQE'pQEQEVuXEwyS7#UI_G*+++|U i>5GiWysKYkgg=¹#x{‹i&{tPG:oKwP>}E痟RG Qn/u :([.ߥzCM:kxT(攺Ώۛ;ﭿgJq̿jHZ|{+ <i}7yF֏Պ-TtOoq^UEmQAp}Zg/_xkV./᷃( gh 6v4Q=*YzERY&bU]Uh.+4A?>$lM<ݼ)(zǹ~Vïj[xUh%A+HXXlvHW?x.oYO}}(Ru<b:&\Ggq<(Ym-vcFX.j\q]_ o"ZeZl [+MEΉ<,v3,od|kxWHmBikuևnEW|iQ|eSYt3#'Mgo;xA}ޒޅ_|jɥo4a?G 7o oz[M/̵w5j |SuGEi|Q^Þ~:|_^-9@|45AZZY-ך>&7~!<+ˉ{)q|ǤEYx^Q 3^,.e^~_7~ͺvl ¯k{-˟+lp|Cl~˳UWVoє7hUCK O0*Z»/Jvo@ĖD}PشrʑL_FׇOm7yo>Dlev{YOs袸g9gjZŞqIrs&XE,žZ6DE--|a~⯩ ^_ZHl?{qmg3JѳG"2'^c#ĺwkz?y={' I۾9v͟Y=/:k gu$:p U$D GϹ ~.;-v.}S|Tܤ=1׽Vm x{EOǏuF i$W4PfakGkgk cj[e+@  Ri%%m>1VM1J#fd6Y+7ōᵇ+\_<7eE^ ˡ}6ǃlYW ;INjuW4oy˘̉d!bvm?^^[jVp]YŬ$HzHoѾ|S.Z*o<OŸkΪgәe\ a_?/~:.Nyo ̍_Ouk ~+ZŞ|jo>s? 7MkTdלV4S-?]_?2iKasJvmqqyuiD濳4#q^in=Ţd b<Ŏj_ 4 a;Z[Y~8N;2&=֊(HQEQE_ިtٳr,ε!۵X]7c^e!>GMw^k1E!z11K*Z6к][N|zvoY׌no$:G IEc*+W$#&c!H<H#V2uFo澜o_[̢Ecݹ̿k웾~U)>GujJ6O汨AOݤ1E5rתSrgi4[:֟$zkEg_Ym؁V-l H5ϞFuSZkdyu RӽQEgjUd7/oq7֍ so_Yo/~!6k =Ro 2eu_Jx74 6e-_m}Fϋ z6vڧH&oՕ .-zRW߶$_Wþ<ӤX|Ubݴxf}W5? K|]Ux׮5Vn]to+Kl0^q_P etiobF_2lqu!mtoso35U12DYd_}ޑ_yѧ>c~ν>j-k{t{y"YY\Q74QEQEq:h3-.BMg4QTm/ heYH2?t@x;὾͢v 5ƖZ̳$&cQ^,_=Z>_!x~%~ -G}b Wu.R7VMmH[o̵pH_>;oxm5=m$%h崐hntQVEai>^1-%FWoY#'ŋuXƋ TmCwy q-Iw]dqÞ4~(5nvߺ>Y$]Yw}[\Es5=ŊK,FKxfEOykQB񝖁}6F5έw$ɱU':nץmx3}M/KSPg1KfגAyU{Yj$k*$*?5mtāa$it]:=wo7vj߃5?xAt{*b,`6ي5D|?XۦؠakB(^[&OHEܪ$Euba\֯m<.xkE[X"3mo2d-\u;YW= :J= WUFpjCgm[ݪ\[\XK[8\5FhI=z_<]c Y:u_N66\v宮kD:/n$EPja% W ((% }SX!uJE"|wnZC;46|}{]xjT_Ma f"{%ŸTO(q} Ja_zy|9߲] _c>Ya[Cؖ2ĥ떤If߶ZZI䯥-r|c'u%W!h[[eMSui8Ύ.-WrYDڟ-xͧx 3>tlovqّyܭҖ%M;*Nv)j|?l䵙'_*QH̆:Yn,u$sew<]JmWlXM+}iwAz|Zt>0x/-eeohka<*Z֌j߀|y4 H.j\F[΍߃(B^Fѽq1 r]E'"5dF~VcO xY?Ihyy{>4ZB$_cBvkgǥm)Zse^f܌ .Vϗ箟~ gn7+H" xCqkqۿjq,mܿ) .kK;KUt.J[?h?i:sIx?\h׳)|}SxFɭjvzTr VAh?_>!|Ub^%"U} gn@pOSΓ#SF_OtO4mgڭ!;|εeyHaxO^_Sz.ElUckoտ$gҨ f_u-KsKnX:ŏ?A{}sPM~(-/cor>ni~:>:"[K (+گ;Q_BOathU3Pկ{^JV7fѼEh`,Uwzv~l((((=*VῊV1YjRws,̨mݶ)]c>̻ {s<% ښ}Ŏ2&JhL%ᵙ6_i1?-yuO g& Qkq|}G^@Q@Q@x'W4_lKO,IaG'VZt[W׌q >/}SWЙ.IK9%n$3f;_m>km"K9mduw˶_77 v5 dΥԵ;9$0V' H|R)՚YU[klm5G6y/{ú75OٻÿҳO EmOEk𮡯K\-^`pHSf7V +VcK{mZM}rׅC>=2Z2%_6Ȭn=amvxFմtD\D?u|Pl`i˶Z/V%oy PY>Romw5sO֓qjۦnn$j~?BojJgrݯ?ܮ3_ ?Rg{ cOܢdXgojc[-'^?CmGm;RWf6~k+YGp-2eYX&[XmncT⯧5Q)ҳm-~ǿ l#V>PPJ;}A?ڋNJ('4]Mı/b]b*MDQL< Ūj/;^3ՕK$1Y?vQ$jɦixaVk'gtRxRIW'mUUlQ+i?OOYYIkWOrcz1rvC< a-+ C$ꚓjfH^S +aofo4̮ѥ<4O_$[[H|Vgc؉oc_Hx+>|?k47DmƊk(Ɣ)'{ /5֛i7 uU$5\ ( ( յ%4!U+f}kNSoG֙A y;$ڪ>@pMm$u /~4y^M ~֣I9VhSŶS+U M^%]|,bs aۖ)>hZ -u#L<1=ҵ HeXuzQE|⋥cW{ZfF4[>_o~Z<=YlZMu|1Xǧk񞓩Ze`}nɶ |"~5dHWP=J &+˵ފo# 'G#[WV풞AU?1'kI&?M76{$GH? D7{_evƪx9bۻߥ`j.GZզZ_)id_1bOgiaYxcue.w\NʖCht_ < msMW4}r8Xk[l {J-|R|l+OZ6+ymxV'jÏW%TiZkkwAvT~?\ʒOm}.)7|kX)?/Q<zկn[xn'[M?7G%}mg7VL$r'̬ZJ=ۘ4;n-5HLW?ܒ?Zڳ2Iԯp_OvTL}V6äi7sEkM' V-–fe~c]Fs"^M&S~ikJ'}ݸןfc1jjdŦZ\Ibfh +InYk-jK{ؼ_EEcpVO.ʉ7<w?B WI '. ]/QU|o.'O #`rDѴSŻRkCz[ ;E"aOzGk +M>j9խ9#}úU[Z(7 ( (;}@&-+ZT8UUK|/|bH)W]jQPlobvđ#m+#㧎5 JO+Yn./&SV3G[$n]7Zgy ;o5{m|]Uÿω|`毤+OUm;B(;t|݀B$TE~袠_\-RY[[+}_~:_7ړyV6\b ^z >=Ʃ{]Z2Xуn k/ZַQ!EuܬZ}vu ,.>-yJӿ_7L-nڌI*I0ntd|ox~|UI6޾],h%l|w=3_WLCj__?MB9xI+(F5矲 ßy~sWufo*d(>5էحgM f.C\-{OQ(wS-,d'Jj eUx.W;ToK*]aNDPG^72ʲ|˾xCեT9n.V俘Tld2/š捭i;6?LF)r:O$~ZmZ(QEN_oZE='ߚWٿv+|[93۫;[=in̑HW_K"܍c'acA~gz?WQ^'/+mz698&cbGZ^ A|WD[ympO7.Y'V(TQ|WL~ES>O> + bUSʉT5 qo&寓gzN.l-un1Jby[H|//#+-GcI .ǹQuCۖO)f]Ú?SxRhZi$^'4}j-v+do)KOZ6ݲWMGQ񷋴37g.cV;ұmԐYQ99xBtxH.4#>%ۇʒyrZvI^x+孾y6iz66>޻"(V>Ղߴ<[>7zgdTsO\yiDR$n.Yeyi[YT6jϏ)վ ii;T_͎6OjXw|m|]x1-( rIe 3.њ/cC|4m4kSѬ%ԯLkĒK~ld;VETj+nYmli#Lb(eb+޽"EPEP^_J}Vl7i%չu`w [#8 z|⿋Z{dÑ&H*ZiJ=P[@xG>4kZ{@nZ[?EMWM[. ̲6ϖ?寤:Ell`0#@U +~&_ h7{VdtK- oVV*;M^@!tGX$[{>'V 5eƷx/4k,_:X˼5_ |o]eK~ݾcZ9T(먢/;1r>=6f he/A̿_@~zCo&Nsmk1z[5?c_`ŇoZN*DR|gu5M?nZԠݩ]t4|+<=^ҭakkOf#~Ե)Z KUl&S2=:-/? XO?q+_sEৃQQZ派8߄^3Mj< V]Ml EY/?(7^*XӡX9=>ƬCQD-j7v`<͹mt xi{=]K:YJ"7HNeέ2د$ŭ76VvR+KYc?<7H}<9c-&-7Nvv$wv"Y oEc&Z }_A]}hwquܭ^^='Ňsk<^]T-_SsHΛ* /{>{Wz爵_kڬUZHU{(%χ*Sv=|%b*Z_|[jxA|i¤_mKo.,67JZ*|Ğu؍3^f>-cWj6ijbLU+ ~iۥͷ.sg$3#ƻsxJqm9}&^[f_~ÿt/X\,~!Di Le|JTQGChGOa&G K[g߀&|MFku⫏?NK[/nIY7£m.=gW+վjm**?'=[ic뺝M;Z'}pn GDuQE\kwJ6|_[ xJ9J(TrcՉiޑWV?>4I+[t1LB1R`-s]?RH崸"?e>Dl|Ei-i3sc!wRҼOڂSth-d{aľGw14g'ʕ*So07QZ_iq<{AtIh쮊ܬtI%ӭ#I[s2ƪIC((g^z\Xm+I}GLkۋVx}r?l.xEm 妴i-.-7ZϺm Ē+*7i>GuoXZxid&4߽]T[5+]EDUUث_7~џ.kv>D=Y82C'?Cॴih^Ւ8{7t~ͻXׯ>mC[Ud`7d ~[|?j_T_?+袹g'7vXQE_i-5k->Km[c\*s/ i6^`ʖUW[wOG~>׼[+ ?Zׇ`\O+ȵ=췮MzMyQㆳE:<,3߅᾵Ů 1N^_>&)BUܻ{?[*ƃ|}f_0w6~E-3~u?(lVI.,dXOƹٓ>:$[K_kYB]g{=x~ [_xWX'wpN""r^QZGWχz_'ZhVebX BկxO}ksR,v)iaBJOZ5?<-zjj1?R'~ug8*|]W}i+ Ѯr<ᲸO><|Fylӷ$?/E>+۾|\x-|Ui Kvm3Kqݷ[z8ĽI3yEKbߗC)h+KI Dqgڨ+EF䍣|yMYtӧ p-QPjQE_HҵJLo_̹Kmjآ eFVUuof5~[>iSyβGE+wՙm> ϺW/45-B(",U'+X'AvxN-ދ Q^n<4Zi9}ɽ$^gnX䓄fו7w7 kg'Š͍vwkwd~pY +e/tUڛ|oG-RGYkJ6۞x#Lխ*;hb)w\UԶ>~?6YxXD/mDul ѷk/_l lfQqHn%XJǺƕInP\V7WR[I[X-iUnY^S޵Yʑ,V mU %7!KmkOAW~GDA:3}YZ~Ə`*ȫl+q,y@^?i 5[=FfKCk_zIC+Kcm:}A w4]>K泎&HE+A|N|Sw_7RӼ_$sxzE#&[c%{7_/3DañX[~P5o."%UxZ'ľrROF7 X6O(_QрTtD=cFUQEQEW_fy?+\Zҵt^g_>J^kuA"9Wr4Hszl <9$[~"|O~:aq_jLb!o)vvxI>UXgV#5kV֠zœ#r}}bEP_gq_EӴF.!omJ Ve{pܷW~/iό Ql?cb}حizW|J5|2ҭ_ʷ0\fExFkYYU[Z7xP^ ށ{Eu\~&Quox?|KPZX\r~akƅ ۪mO-I,T2+o Xks\-KvcoZn/K 'EOw 5:$Gl[+xW>4~xfk~dvWQk_?_Ӽ[~|A#Xʾ^؏, *z{.RL9\=wgߴp>,}UcH e K Njn6s2߉geQ׺ iEQXDiV-ur2׊e͎VgZυ4?K,$mf̬ʵ.ߗRmkiPvy_/Ro[E>hu(HjodumĖo4WoH?5[~O>鷾>a Yjq=gmu_$_fyQJ3Z2>ǠHaEPEB,Kk+`xP˴IEf6hOOڼuv4RMM#e1(CqLܿUobԭRkycA$F j_5қ– ZJ3bF6_>MjP]]6EI̗bPd;f͵^5:>,k狣MOH ۙlo/O4t %$o3o"(į k_'-J=SIG6.7H'i\꣋UFWg᭞~$DZFSZZ ;W"yf_/u3Zmj2}Ώ說fiO V ޥyb_L~ϿOD{e.ָ?}ѣ9KMe-_SmoS>+ 5궗_Gk:l/iF/ukZV֊7XWmtK^LQ"guY_(|wIg/kmB$u6BT$q_'7;I?X;Mƺ~SzwuZ(RQUQAQEQEQE-xDef{ȭ++Ԩ2q.5~P^x$p䯩trZEGwcy )N״?5ޓ[G}!{iWrȇMx«Yg1|0𞸒]ZQZ;µR7_IQET"h$Z9WrujVZq}ys)I<}KQڋ64#U=>q%IUfGq},l#|]T"Ѭb姿%z>~ӖLJenn|YAkchU|<4.`4=B$oMg'9(Ѵ+%L5:ښĿAmuGm$m_|(ۏ_*{iw xUu?,_E!Dk{ImMͯoڳz.YֻZK^KgUNes-{ ^K+kI's&ejS~x[5[t=(O-ػY5d_׭WV>"]_TLlYXi|ŏs]J&n?p;嗉k]R[[Dά6i6S>o(((>>VfUӖ [\\rۯ< _Z@4|9z:uP6Z S$I_?m4^0ޯipX^MyyѠH#ḏ^~>K_^m!m4K9*V/7|$=t~|=BO{2KTySK,#$o.XE})E|*ZMZUܦ}2x-Z4=4Abq 2?8eti%ͼZܖw/$Q\ZMۓw7O>/s; 5?Ƴkr)YE{~ic֫%,P} _ /oo>/ּeg\\hzMi5DJ?gow55>էk_S¯oRIb="xkof2Ÿŏ WZ\>#ЎEk,ݞ>xk6.)dz䷑]f2]Mխ\ SIӹgQNZ-ئcϲh̏ͺ@x ~xT}GWOiw',[+Ϗh/Om7/q%s_Bx{5WY2qM|-SԣVH]+3F:FeXG}CZL Uo QRD[4f6S:fkI|2/_^~2I(/'KYYNs̏Kx)+p>ׅuO[i2h:&^F1I$,z-'ĺGbRWEmVyۭ.(ď1\/;k#.G<~o6}$>Rҽ >xwLXYVIhLo#ޫk;eVU(5+_iji:0TL3mثOm|}q:_-;I\F}~%4Z|OѴIb_~ƺ55|ab b5ү SFVɡcPQEQEW~ؑ[i U<5_XȿV׾ׅ~9x/Hq=-&B|HrGދ%>(?j|Ѯh׮bci1k_-7!qw66pkſ`a/& گ$4[S5zh*t^~ԓ#Ft=6%!$UVԴ=Zn-,rd?yiiH[¦YdnExȬ|Ck-{kie.m6=mS2>>TwܣS[6_MXix6^nejuᖖL ϣĚm֛p߽5ٱCO]?Py4B7V9.~RZ%-btЧJpIO#⿅`״eH햺gfy<#j+^x[6y468F{+ݫk築f%LJ{еJVS+Ei-n$mxIqe7ۭ췑 in1ٟuvQEQEQEQEQEQLiQ|=uY'lɩ1[Im^&ї(ѩZ\@s?4KVia7n?}c9WWĿۯ]2OQn?If~~e| -|znk%x޿{cz&k")!w#W{s^3 AA1ާ5?#0φ.zL Z#<}'~糛U+}7eyRl0Ⱗ?]CQRּ:6iqk4,dkIq<v5s߂k]h=gM-j+#JwhoO> 埳xw9i6fwpRr@_xZfqc6-R]GG\KJBȻvV߈/xU4;IM%" "6jVWMV+ӪίOo9?١,@Q}UoXYS 2G$2OaCk)UQn8._>4"\VжCOyHn#C/o>ׇ<[t]:^Z{I(BN?ZNNɴz:K}bqkoҚIQW{fVgH*=_s [/'Ich-'t2M)@ݼ> x^S@7V[7;TJ3N>{ M綞#5mM"ֶei\܃o֟Oco %Kk8"pMmh?n]gRF!yk?Xg^_vXXk~oχ%lO`=?Wx#NoVɆUUYJȎv^Vc~=>~ܮ?%%` ĦS^vuwz~nynmbhSn]'}֞Y|8_L 5o]V5=莪4[S["YmV*^=ƁxOz[hO/1X[|}]2֓ĔmZ3jlwjnӾ<.Wګ+}&eui˷zE_>z,z)& ͢x][5:ͯtKO\d(:%ҍadsկ"KY#F׺/b_|LiwKUo<,?_Ez]hkiVƎD2{GqI2ee[|4*i 6+ VǣE²>?ǾhrfӮn8f}J]}M2|8gF-=W̐()dO"EH~Ѻƶ76,. ŵwq6/'fPs#ֽ{OJ0-i_~g *+BNoⱼ]6^Bb[ʯuuLkvڪg~|7׼QOcmYakaSӼCy_i^lԤk#?Uf}k>Ӓ 36R^GƼFm#u/yXʵ?N|H|[ꓥ7݊ voj߯[j׆<=;C$M/V{dĈiނŠnkC炾k?i/ZZZ[\HwN)vDax}TᇃoܺQz B:k uv<9 uU)l&VMv?&Y^$l%ͨj $kGak'=QHZa5vЮVڊThJbWTῇwZ|I)MJͻ^c3T;_|8]+HOY,5x{dj{.~ZJ߱>W㯈+v-C[㴂- KX5f^ [ރy$YSX6)m^ku՝2t6-$qG#\Q^˛~ebAKik"ѦBҌ?0;:+X?\Ԟq⏋Vze4zwSsE$_IW/gIgjZUھбڼYFi"ӭl[஍/CXKuJ2!6ݱy/o#jڬoZGў{k;Kkq+빤uQZ?h=?^೶/gK859fQK]QfwURV!4{5++ eIDFHq7ǿU<1?EVkV`F7G]* @8iwEqͧ,N%ܟνR-=:[{dUK凄J"][TԵ"]pcx4צ?f9V,O֟jm:WQ/̛^>7Эot۬7&c5TQD&UX[OMo^=JK6/Q+vYXp<><ͱk7mwa. Wjx#V-*B P̕4,0ܬ\*N̳ >!ipqfo%pú!-Hʬ%HgR"efWk<|w⥹u+Hm d2sw3N~򾰯<=+ZΡ\6s {(cRy-m6\qorm#/ݹ׫|ֵ<9cxO cZ -o$.㱿M^yoiS8|cbvڬ?z8HQYFZjVF`VjE|&J_7oɟkQ(߃^0kv̥ư[GR,-]_o? :^>vgso?B+\-_?b6앯(්,Nj?+))~(6KE<4"k|V+‡vmV+Ox$WZ/9lup|^2R31tOrJ($()7Q:WK;co/( tGdO_G~hl֯Wϓ嶲^+'V0Yo ZC~ O|It=7N9%ѷT)쳫H"I5 fkZƭ}&3WJe Ѥfjጚ.y敤߭mۣij|2{87;`M]?tѭ/,-HՕ[ X,Kup˱22͟|1~*g%-մRy)%Wį{ZH쎇eONQE}YQEQEy7~_ͭ_]GG.VO0]w,u;vQYbGv|tQgğicXC-^[F5P3w}ĺz`^;yM~ON_0;(Oz/ ^xKucp>o6F,x= ΧΑqW[0%Ҿ3xPޫ{dR]2{{u=e/ mr:MǨXD$ܒ/kZku wѺ \7:S㟊?d7MqevdMLJu[`{mrެpû/=O¶ mk-+qiTeMӱ@~cH滿x>k"۽cLx[OK >Jxo߳o5Oإ8Ph4q*i<~~̞м/}XxuܬZl,[l*$ʱ+52fڟº'o x}GO/K>C~W.KT/ ttwV+?eOGeURرV[GMtU~0FVwMhKܿESO/|3,vF\'ğ7h5'_2 9|c}2?6UMTV*.h;3ikqG6Ϳigkw߲6]F].)MiZ6̟Ө|v WWP Y&k8ӧArIŒ}H~#xoY*:ՍӲyW(ڇ?9 ^S6'捿=oRKݜ7denkݩi2?H d^UV,,GdJJ Qg(#TuuJ_٫fMsÞ.[!eTVwvW8M58!mљbZ]3OHnŷ _/[lj5OYj%.q};oP/~+Ӵ ݭt.(cEbmtwcٍӿW +#c.M2Eg+io2I#9OoXn4=do QKG6'? u܁o,M G ҳI>h+3Kl-l!5H.jq%pihM|U|#Z--W|RiLk'R1W`}_Mnj|KJ$!Ե&-[OkWґ +_ xoįx]|=9nR[?!ޮ,$>(H(((((,x\gt8ZkI"_h\.,ڇog⎿Um~>տ W|jWf}/8c(X:=OwT~zEiPzU;x>hCW4]&AHtu⶷b5 :WL_\ZN+\x;T-o}y[V0OSk sO'zՏW掾ml~h^3i#z n4F-N H^dK8:i7w,Vmi-I-s>$ɩԴ?QI^5ʎE :~ ?kڝRT"Z?x! In'ՑeXO,Qg-&h  Bjћ{RyWyc;u=ω֬%[MNQJ챿8ʦ.gXivvH *օUQE}[↩ lׅ"KZrKo >"G~u뙢C}coYZy}Um5(tOs;} p:^ 5;gZ򏃓ǟ%nZ5SeTV>W;/L$eĿ/->7|e_^m_^%K='MOqpiEfx)o_/d&j]/R ,Y|-WѮڳI%rZw^/o:_}gĞ>ԛX񎽧 "uO |gk?^5%z~ bHN~_Tj}ac'7Qݜυ3o;]39[ɼ&sݚO'4Gmj_+S[Sj֯| h^1|myi,n$lRWAjUzSinzG>>*EڤokχxV?3ſ؎n4:LKX#eǚk@-k ̟hKEQEPQ@Q@Q@Q@Q@ P?x61TһKKc{ GNl,[."1.e<2Z׍Xt'sXboVmCGv'vMuڟUV0͠o.{w?ejW_FJCxzc>_|G7䷉/Tg|iM:FIq¾?h:~ Ӿ':o15ߗV(uCOO9f]մI"FI4|خ`~u__>YZ\]/;GE@R>jh6^:Vc$\}Lh LW#vdgVؿ}o*D&Um7|˵5jKqi׷:o)wyQQs"%d|#񮛦􈵍'QV$X~[oVIPEQEQEQEg>7.%(n6;ѳQ jSULw< TMUe%{y/Z!~.o8Y?{+oE^im⹆D%6YYvΫ<_d xK{c2x[pj(cឹ7en>k $:x.|=}oz*zUMeq*-so e\w"^5[fS -3mQ]zZǥNjTG>[ {.Y'i]çƟyڵX|g鶿lGxZڃ%n9x&`h6ϿD+޿o*9ERRZW4^f?a"?oߌxM۬xA]T+kSj?+8mk6xXz{)=ޭS"<'ƿgW 65-5ޕ#X~: / :}-92_t~|xOF'>$5E_/wF_k$HWY15Q[QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEO{K]J$yq__|]k0ɦ=u[y~xa_Q1xs↓UR-zl G_Gb9ܰsF3]OKyIux]BW~<?|)Lgr۷<`NΟxAmτٞ*sR'?o]w#Cis[P<>?++~1^qqEu V*݀΋Luq RڭaU;7#_2V*ˋ~o8ѓm)b^gW$4K5 h!#5TXj^;}HJ(K HK*6mIoY { |z<'IZMR=*F!Em II}_&aosd}Q?7j4袊((((O*{tz⎁-%-u{?%b7@u`ц꬯n1+z:>tֺʬe&kV;^>3x/xPo<+,Q^ysc.Ӊcw:ϹzՏ:-[m&nBzl?u[M''Ɔm-Lyc\ajo;/Ak5;D6OfG?݌5|PM>ݞ( Xx?_7ZVKuƒ̛U bm#9US]NGW5(>:fּMq{#BQvZufgXD%ĒF8ѿO:{3*"56gN蚗Gžo|Mu4VX$nI+W;ƙotoI't[ &.%*3BUDҾ;/hZcд+?=fhhݕ;dk*΀(((((((('OH3DKqnQ?|򳯑kIWWFlYUj Gu/Vǝ|H|eSHӮI.٭dJkP7+toqUh`ʯ]xb)2ǖ5A_Oޱ|Hǯ&ZO4|5.6%~WFkKuyjoSjv,V{g]^o3jҬזsd|h6|o?8i LmJ+!kUn,9,_WӑDN;V:"c [_GhV| wW6a=_천DWKZ,xwSSEe;FU#lyvE~v$m}+I'ZΞGf0!-˯\i^M\kϗ-~\Q\G'fo.?/voZ&GєVkj7K%n!w1c@ ( ( ( (*:2vVfE|y|OCuj})SG"ko/ϳUܻZ񾨺//Z{HR[B~T/ 4ϋ/FG[<[ӚM.ˑeT7Z gJGAٹYiP?>[֟ 5Ko˺_L^/?k|76]B/oq '{n-YaKAdfU%`46rԍ)G+<)-oÚotLϕmoN[T 4)b'FoQTuL|n6ҴC_YV_3?zIy'>6KկKkfuM2+Kx o$7һOٯ]3U^=/-mCR;{x](DᧀeZC_ cG($`y ȻdUQTOz.{y۫;H ߋWCEfEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPY>#tk'Qqy3Er+Zo\7iphڷ77#Ѣ[̚ujhF/ӟP[lL&UO{]~hee%R˸:|{ǟ t =&vf)٤~|WofK4w;[㷍ϲ(R y,|1~W@|=T?h{դ$.lO⋤^l/b-`eD$ە|_lѾ&$So{Y|k/Vbڎ`^+KO#T_nu+}?v޾㉧-ctQE|ٰQE~hӦu-̚~`&j|?{j6V_DuiFDXQT5K]:զ%JU: ҭ׋~km;uԟm58܃~Z+L)fM[RSEmWgw]5kww4i *+e؋^jޢWzQ[N᜗Q)PvSՅ*|׹7.Z%dx9*^Zo c[+}k%CI#8eMuƟ9r ~Zz.uúΚ8?ujz{ k{-mR4\,$^y|/"xF+[ -6NpN&tށEVEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP^]GlNq3trS?,*(/%6WZ<- h}ZVin/ G Q z3ac^M+Jk]S|6ȸ.[h_)dMѫ9#>.|6Y-(DYlWJw̮3g;Śʹ{IL&ae1ت]I"%mB;T|C!ܖ0-FvFy^qxgokZC{Gݼkp"zG}|^͵G(T,[m o?ޮz}_bKO8 Yjr.ֿZ{C+ERf=ƚJi~-p/]UgiչUYh2?1 khY|aooJuŮuR ǎjhxP-b"yl`K<ٯvZ_߃OVuBoj+OrUCWbDPQEfEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP^w=9nHkH[xlOpG&^O׸Q@τ57G\խB) 5ݽWf7QEQEQEQEQEQEQE|K~źx YҟwN߼a+ΊQ*(P(߉~/~Ӛ^&̓]A.w-$d]S9x?4, l\2gxPC~{[5m?.+q[+aEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP♦[>$0kwG-cwbY}`;z 4 CH#okY2Z__MV/f&/C)WБ}FQΆ#faR/t}VtY`f弿5|M9*F]> stream JFIFC     C   "  tKEc-gWOGݵnu;s]gIKٿ9s nV׊#XJ6ާMm=q64E"twnǪ"q*"B7Ky6Uj|mUjsX|8zo%Ʀw Qj=>yAJ՞Mekjc6^xxxt/G67%F0Y צں+n~?1L tq kE^l8 M>rlF;vhZLvZѽOd/2C ;gƘ&wC mls`0''ԛ!nԧ8kR1kNH{vGBÅ ã{"=]-s[e/H'{?i؂# `D՟|Z,U{]8OՒ7R,x) 8Qp$I^PTS >zQn3!Wz.2{T| ^Kik1` xp<2X&x`+b!05 #%3$24601!"B3ZƐYXW֞kgK253 Av:1~Q8**~88xMIZM2A"蠬LΥNn&9Lk]?|IflEF3$BO!{l^n<* Y^@r+PKKO̝ 3(f,|Fd Gڌ$Xz$KobԲwT;VMl ;T5%.!iq:G< T J-qxjVNOR~2'V-#=;I79R;s19|p9'qNiNbq5V;>L}-yq_଀d'{Nmp$~,'DnEa!viAF TӧB4tyJAgJ?f#UuC>-መ~QD+5`6~ 7Fs7< ßbCY1v" DP&':~_:[K jF6vC {>s7O1̾^f܈{l7)9BH%NL4+$mZ[1l ua/ Ye[bg/=JHV u0[᮷.JCQf' ٍ O2A MseA?އڔ֕+rn L4!_xrR~IC; }Xg6uy8 @D]&h=uԽUƛ)[9gj79塿^Fi/!){.XkmqYV1/ͷQpph9[J%jgmFaJ0',TDowC G^Ue0k&r.*Ú`sB@;4i1:^qymnqX,k aR&حZٰlr<]y  .ĤٍL(jI%9e@Պ\9†f~14dklI ®#(̡2\ [@~UkVy dܞҠA,I*>⶜W}-fz=&K2WH8}d>Gև6Rʦz\s@NUpH"RZnS(d$Y{7gq< KMSZR5J1Döã ϖ|9壓_ GDz~1lknc4eF +HUڸ*YA8ŧ@\-g6K7:y!`@ =͵㑄_^"K@j^guQu_&.ȹRXLS,]VN?yͦAfӈ˯"G5Ib| QȟU3_/CGFdI:'|"ՙN%/4&%!u׌纎 ԰JA{)H9:[bgcZYEʍK:̶}f*e*>IZոkZLN:qTv֤GmiiufKD4 ͤUpp7Z ݰ^8&B υd,%Mw,! 0123Aq"Q$a?6Яv9kۘB,FO!Q" r|E2r:_e>Y^|ȁ D~=m:2Ԭ̹n\1eq9m|v| :;~:mXa*}>;TvIZiaG:!"1AQq #2Bar3C0Rbs$S4c?3_WV=ԉ)"~w XhMq%>\ #^)0%)9-Hz298=on[Jtway4 p;/ G yJUr +.~4Q9->j҃HȠqZ6*VX]i֤`ں*Oox<8Tq٦+}6)9ϙRM/;%]Tqe.T'Gʃ)=~XF?~ ۟{59tuSC1!BwGfDQ]r1&ݼI$xFxdO|{"q?z0Z W%թIV\undFr_Ndi5]Nm^G}LЩ\XKƝwEcğ=Oۭ$ik! 1ƹaXK,0zxPݨQqHY8@~53ZpΣ|rM=3Ѽ":=2H5j?C_ظ6GlQHVMCMqMŏ-._m.o* "wD#k;%~`R@k ڮR܃RHG_OwFp~~~GtH pA+BKE .<%iNx{2 +vlein&RAkn  &ҡ} uTۧB43rvH{c~VTZ $n+yR5JqV#ңOblۯ,p4xդVrNiIK< IZX*[1sI3Aѩ,8 ?8[I:y,YzWqn4)?):~6uцݴT/j3H1BֆRԒJ72"i=clTW>2j ~59$e[ыOuSn/r٠;dP"!LzfG5IytC"kdzP[X5rO=Ǚҽ\ei}Qx)Qx]}effF8=;7:L7S%O3z԰`x|Ё҃O̓xVIշ񒴯|rf%Dq(*2 x|D_派c>MDO/[ Y9wrOȾBҷWO֕weMFD)n :Zx-/UCohmK&\H!I#t5zvYv$sR} r9Xԑʡ'_"miuxԟmm.75)_Vk|vbllQo| !6l]Zk-;ձƮf2<YIߏYXD.-e׍\*h4hu_U wy%e8jfK.)кXB~(7U- i0*Vp4ofwngD#4V|SXH=+b>s7A:\{X_OƯZHqM'4!A un_ClN2U]?Ҷq\L$n֭3ʸҹM"O)WOc[r1>ڗ =ki$HN4S޶唷Rol[aԏl6r(<W]B.Mp-$x<@5v'VB/\7(ӏ,VȀIyҶkf1kJiwmkg 1@*y9F7w^h..!e խ̯ea[&%k2s5m9XW t~*.G[K L"} jLo[WE Ghd'@PhGA u&,ɜZ#ԤȦV5j?[NLIJP) []ǎۘ_?0HS܍45R},/|S1 qқ VZ26Zdj<s7A|3]N73/ F4vK ;5"vLA&p-OvwJYgI120]X,)%n'c{{3~ ļ"\MMV}d0駒F)JDVR ZmrCJTo i#" $,&jOc3 OZ֭PTR)Uh6"2Yt\]ү-%GY`Ej?AoKQPi:Bɋ{0F+|¥r55>mEkM"'^5!:23v`cR'`Ni Bt5tOLҏ7B7r#Vkz3*ޮ Z̩4ݏ[P 0Kªz5iPny'mU}rcg`sݏLoC'WWxKNFVI8hއ奋C;1vRћ]lKA ftgRNy1MxX1*f&+n`ljvc/xE.TG~T7׉l/Ņ0ǘqHS}jVTRzX&X[PyCo68`B柔wl$i-rt,[X qF%(ݭRFPXV&hxZ9U˶«Mw6 @aԼp@kD`ʭDc`{%wb__Mbw ^ @jg(n@ڐR2Λc$ye5!))5eR[.(o)L!4wtSOg6/єP ]1%ySj`GU_1@68i|I9 ^ڥvMN05e$*ɺ wb]_ycͺź NJqz j|R<`(2I>Tn_Q/,Jw ߊzﱫ"+G>Me#ϲ;Q*=׵&R ‰|ÿ5t-n؈kBT gpKX$y=g CpC+.=k_֓YH"^-_cԎʮ c={@cDOgtc.٤1,$, lDph$s\VWU,>_N.] hm~bcܛ$J hv0-- 0 .&WCZAQnb_ECHGG!=,3\exr?#v P24 )&j? Ek#YO<[,XOBSõx=f @ Lb׍&?E+o F2(\S@yQ0|sG !c%/H^K1G8W ~?al /q:%]F<%V/vF4\R0b_`X ֌0@N?q)W<p{%2?[CM9{]FnqghC0Ϸ"! 1A0Qaq?Day߮&44\`.)oKg9[6hLaR<:1꺭/|C-gb1DK:|cfsUd^fUkn2iv0zLzor@fm 9`۴x&!1AQaq ?XQ$𲪏be?} 21U {DPB^(:Vv!F p3 $,ʀK(7!_q.3SRr5OcYuXp0 e\KKGANbQ`Y}^xbYy"0CU˟``FuÉP-n6{ࠉ'zQ|ef e(ᘻ!"T 2=H98%c}9AT)֒gRG "R3vc^&c"THq@=9rc .+M-nXٙ%J*``)~q} 1LWCP {#.;BEt_Oq4(pZ["^Jez5C淚u5J"W4QEΘCG K?#m`S`1ZDlq$/E˶~nt,WEBh凜K̬EbD>d8ӻ7%yPd:븝ϓ[k8RN<6X0TH4İ(U HC8.ĩ_yHjRf*0ʳҚ/wyneY1iL @WMߴaKQ6C_EdG\8fT]B"(\$trȢ%$XL@e7eBCeX胩r[J.̶dQD ~ סHP>GBGTbMR:x)bVh&0e3w3ҙA! :rt͵bgN#-k-Tr̕9TBIhzq:n tYxU5k{Lq //xŠJz]/`URVzhGu-B\QԮ#)s1тr&^"OÏp e F@ۃL 5La_H=s-wgJn0 HUѼmq.q0gWg _0E%a4Yqhc⎇X[xsVe*zj^EAh{AM|@vq5P,hT-]q5.L8R%6LEce[ BQ؋lHW(Lw] .kV <-7#_ݳA4̕h^E*uʉ!]HK]ܢ{6fW},:jq i&.F~5 Q0T+#`jK)b*-c)S"eƐ#!TtxmSacb3{DřqTfPL}6l-uPAv: DЋrbx!q@-S_qLnOf&s#NE3`*5|d'8:*l=墱,#2L8.SRlzg )/xoP[@7%)H/GRMꀶUF N$v;_jnq+Oާz TeyR(j=ňƂp`VXl6+iD.]~ U )7Rw{n\,2d9{͏ZtUkr_|ǒE_vYe[Y(t-0H krPjA[5 Pc ƱU*7(Ytm㖣Q[URN NbFfGXxE,ex@Jhv6`mNJCR+W\ cEqYu+5wc4hX˦%hjMEb}յ1mAvUwkHEXlP>pTf$騫0i*X _hU$"sT*?I55 @3|WMIިN=qIJc2ZpX lxzQ;Vۣlp vV{f'30+|xU,6ܥH,jħL(р[LC>Gؤb-Y7_6^w ۄxJqWP xG*\ endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 0.3 >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 0.3 >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /CA 1 >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /BM /Normal /ca 1 >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 19 0 R >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2700 >> stream xY]s۸}fFa-jc4IO3ӦIX$xE 1}ߟ[ѢNZ~/ZH19N>ahwZu۝wA; P]_}8xi+ v 9MU[~>[ pnh+y"ejZ&*-zZ9fE;[盓JshJP0Da6~;qY :bȅʭS֣D|}mlvbgWi BWh \ Nݗd:$>*7U~Rsdu[*͂˒0 dWMGSx]L㹪[8^;*YTSr)j/ͱu:gǖ !hٛJ|16nhBrSj9S31\>\I:uW fF'gxJzI#ɥ56R!wSU*H0 0Ur5:2M6v ,דU/$=`rǨiZ apC`_ZyiwS5GioyɯyF!si2[뷚hsc1^ 4qFR'}LMCS'/h"^ _̥E5gQF) iP8ix4AӜ1{K`pJ@ %,UY@cOY2UǠ,NX"r؀>z+vv{f1n0S2k]S՜X;@4^Y9#;]C=0R` A 3{ @'~`T@ZAd1Cokj}\{fX)ܡTlt֒ #UR'g1R? *sbv%}VQ(\KK1H$i;8PZ赨~d Hv ,YhJ4QaFujwT&[\9 ^E߀*? ZstYzLw@ЕBM@` O;ss:uFYS}=$^Ud]HPY5p3(oNs\OEvhChOe%)^HK#D :~#РjYߠ'@ͯlOb{JxwP XKO"'c_:aOd^)=x͈ߐJWUf]摍};R\5l!:PcśgaRHJ$f+JEpSmΞ7O "A!o/>]]ͻ]]߲On~;2^*D.Yl[;0Bi1M!Y"{Q:y?h1y@0՛] W1m?zi`ㆌ\^6;}0,CȔ(~?! vQOa;gh-%2ICvwX$o4LAkz{,.pǫY:LƟX|=$ 0V/~ endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Contents 21 0 R >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 2524 >> stream xY˖6W`~,xOrΌg4I(N//@ݦ9EUVݢ C6w,u< dw 8{C¢8ݎ~7gAƏGx}ذfԲ`R=3o'Z)|ܵ޼y/vg #K rdo9jk+c [.{[|@z-6Fъng/kh٬K SBE}o[j$֤۱}#^+3-'%5Z4̠hZcA],|l^fl#0F=;q- ԃ<١roW*0 <$Ϡw CZĚyioE0-rqSF@鸈K^AZA SVG$VKZ9<:.Bhۋ\Bd <Ip ? ? PpX RyƙAdeLt$k>}a^%>J;]Q3k` Rʡ4^St.)0KNȵlVAU;lQT\| =0{խ2(d8L,;|+^5 L!K%Mkd \vGE3vvpS3mPCٯ ZѬ2j5|vkI與wM ˤQ-t2vZugF-+r̴,A=<B!4:qD-By"* IS $<%TlFhĤF n͓.jy4Uy ,+ XߦU=5"e7ѣ-n*dDAZ&A/ucjSTԴf>?4ۜFM k-klӂsJoaҢXJH+;*( } ,bW_+j7EnU$ꑂFS3'd-U'DE#c .~3^kҲ2]` V x-Q{(~@ HK0.;KI$vҥ ZB3 :6`D&Πx]D S*E l2c2." m܊0_p'Q;֊bZjpK}O Xw Eq r ;lX?=N>nlVpZa^:t<<+^vn UKn@&9; o}6)U.~|{u~F8È!+J$GC8)2VeV> 1Kxus#{sӻoݼǿEeP"B'F^}D}kld2Xǘ3֝7 3:#klL+w2BVw廘}>0OSAJOk.EE캀qMsۈ E^ `eIS\ ÖOK…`o.`7b ~>*[n& Cg9^jMlR/;UdJnE6PZYu>ƘγEK}c@?t+ endstream endobj 22 0 obj << /Type /Page /MediaBox [0.000 0.000 595.280 841.890] /Parent 3 0 R /Annots [ 25 0 R ] /Contents 23 0 R >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 723 >> stream xTR0+f@H$ˤ ihHpX$:v*;dtۿ#J'3|s_\(B{Q~B4 8;8/n4x&ilH`|eIĞ@? 6gkq 8lTDGn,!Y<(nLթOkffga g.^zī(Xt )I\lpw4Mr+Iuy;xW#{ 0m [@X+w݆kY胇 ˚X{x sxOgl'|F{pxXRpO`k6 CNOɇGN \V~gO@mgd(!G^6l Hʡ"HaHpXEcR |>4Dx^90Y#&ԇȿj1M޲S .k*J (PgSݚ=^jl]pWW"ג8qgä7G;i& pR…*w(*A{- TȾ=RY^ܩe)ŋMehdh\ T4 F> endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Annot /Subtype /Link /A 26 0 R /Border [0 0 0] /H /I /Rect [ 414.2080 638.4200 445.5520 650.6300 ] >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (https://epaper.prothomalo.com/Home/ShareArticle?OrgId=281ca57dd64&eid=1&imageview=0&epedate=28/01/2026&sedId=1&fbclid=IwY2xjawQM4LNleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETFmWjRpc0Q1R2U1dExhMGhWc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHtkVwq2r2chlkihleD4R1nNN00WXCtp6K7gauWAUW8Pr6j87iXzMKlfgIXkz_aem_8mbbV7n6PTR2CTZ7R5EF4w) >> endobj xref 0 27 0000000000 65535 f 0000000009 00000 n 0000000074 00000 n 0000000120 00000 n 0000000442 00000 n 0000000479 00000 n 0000000628 00000 n 0000000731 00000 n 0000001962 00000 n 0000002071 00000 n 0000002179 00000 n 0000002287 00000 n 0000002400 00000 n 0000049647 00000 n 0000061673 00000 n 0000061732 00000 n 0000061791 00000 n 0000061848 00000 n 0000061905 00000 n 0000062010 00000 n 0000064784 00000 n 0000064889 00000 n 0000067487 00000 n 0000067611 00000 n 0000068407 00000 n 0000068523 00000 n 0000068651 00000 n trailer << /Size 27 /Root 1 0 R /Info 5 0 R /ID[<2506349b12291ef31960077b9ebaaeeb><2506349b12291ef31960077b9ebaaeeb>] >> startxref 69006 %%EOF To reap the benefits of canal excavation, attention must be paid to the rivers – Bangladesh Environment Network

To reap the benefits of canal excavation, attention must be paid to the rivers

Figure Credit: Datta & Mandal, 2017 [Dhaka Canal Network]

Ahead of the upcoming elections scheduled for February 12, the political parties of the country are publishing their election manifestos and using them in their election campaigns. For obvious reasons, the election manifesto and promises of the BNP are attracting the special attention of the people.

One of the election promises announced by the BNP is the excavation of 20,000 kilometers of canals across the country. Tarique Rahman made this announcement on January 20 at a prayer gathering and exchange meeting organized by the Banani Society at the Chairmanbari field in Banani, Dhaka, to pray for the salvation of the departed soul of former Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia.

While explaining why canals need to be excavated, he primarily mentioned waterlogging and the drainage problems in urban areas. He said, “The canal digging program of my father, martyred President Ziaur Rahman, was important for the people in different parts of the country. The residents of Dhaka city are also feeling the necessity of canal excavation now. Because, problems have been created due to the closure of canals one after another. Therefore, if the BNP is able to form a government with the people’s vote in the upcoming election, it will excavate 20,000 kilometers of canals across Bangladesh.”

Canals are an important part of the flowing water bodies of Bangladesh. Some canals are even more important than many rivers from the perspective of size, volume of flow, and role. Despite this, there is a fundamental difference between a canal and a river. A river is entirely a creation of nature, whereas a canal is usually man-made. That is why we talk about constructing canals, but we cannot talk about constructing rivers. To clarify this man-made characteristic of canals, canals in many places are referred to as ‘kata khal’ (dug canals). In many places, canals were dug so far back in the past that they now appear to be part of nature. Sometimes, natural rivers are also called canals.

Regardless of the case, canals, like rivers and streams, are important components of the country’s river system. Therefore, canal excavation needs to be considered as part of the revitalization of the country’s river system. In fact, if the connection with the rivers is not re-established, simply digging canals within the city will not solve the problems of waterlogging and drainage. Because, the question remains—where will the canal water go? (See article, ‘Where will the canal water go?’ Daily Star, August 10, 2009)

Let’s take the case of Dhaka city. At one time, there were about 50 canals flowing through this city, which connected the city to the Buriganga, Turag, Tongi Khal, and Balu rivers. Due to negligence and encroachment, these canals had been deteriorating for a long time. After the 1988 floods, the construction of the ‘Greater Dhaka West Embankment’ practically severed the connection between Dhaka’s canals and the Buriganga and Turag rivers. Later, a project disconnecting the connection with the Balu river to the east was also adopted, although environmentalists had recommended constructing it as an elevated expressway to maintain the city’s connection with the river. Because of these embankments, the opportunity for Dhaka’s canal water to flow into the rivers was almost entirely closed off, and waterlogging took a severe form. In this reality, waterlogging in Dhaka cannot be eliminated merely by excavating canals; it will require the restoration of the canals’ connections with the surrounding rivers.

The program of excavating 20,000 kilometers of canals hints at a nationwide initiative. Because, such a massive amount of excavation should not be required just to restore urban canals. Ziaur Rahman’s canal digging program was also spread across the country. Alongside canal excavation, he took the initiative to re-excavate rivers. For instance, the initiative to re-excavate the Brahmaputra River. The question is, what will be the overall purpose and specific targets of the canal excavation?

To find the answer to this question, one has to look at two fundamental characteristics of Bangladesh’s rivers. One is the extreme seasonal variation in flow. About 80 percent of the annual rainfall is confined to just four months. Furthermore, nearly 93 percent of the water catchment areas of our rivers are located outside the country’s borders. As a result, the seasonal variation in flow is multiplied further. The second characteristic is the massive amount of silt and sand. Although it has decreased somewhat due to increased interventions upstream, nearly one billion tons of silt still reaches Bangladesh every year.

Because of these two characteristics, the ‘open approach’ to the river system is suitable for Bangladesh. In this approach, during the monsoon season, river water can overflow the banks and spread across the floodplains. Siltation occurs there, the elevation of the land increases, and all water bodies, including underground reservoirs, are replenished. The stored water helps maintain river flow during the dry season and assists in various activities, including irrigation. At the same time, less siltation occurs in the riverbed, and the depth of the river is maintained.

To cope with this reality, the people of Bangladesh historically invented the ‘eight-month embankment’ (ashtamashi badh). For the four months of the monsoon, these embankments would be opened so that silt-laden water could enter the floodplains. For the remaining eight months, the embankments were kept closed to store water. But in the 1950s, foreign agencies and consultants ignored this reality and imposed an ‘enclosed approach’ on the rivers through so-called ‘water development’ programs. This method of isolating floodplains from riverbeds through permanent embankments has proven completely unsuitable for Bangladesh. This enclosed approach is the root cause of the degradation of the river system and the gradual spread of waterlogging in urban and rural areas.

The withdrawal of water upstream by India has further intensified this crisis. Therefore, to eliminate waterlogging and to revitalize rivers and floodplains, the enclosed approach must be abandoned, and a return to the open approach is necessary. If the canal excavation program cannot be used to facilitate this return, it will become aimless.

Another issue is closely linked to the success of canal excavation. That is the use of the excavated soil. In most cases, this soil is left on the banks of the canal and later falls back into the canal, nullifying the benefits of the excavation. If this soil could be used to raise the plinths of villages located in floodplains and tidal zones, it could also be helpful in combating the impacts of climate change.

However, an effective institutional framework at the village level is required to implement these tasks. Currently, the local government system is limited to the union level. As a result, a void has been created in the joint management of people, land, and water in the villages. In this regard, the ‘Self-reliant Village Government’ (Swanirbhar Gram Sarkar) initiative introduced by Ziaur Rahman is worth remembering. In this system, emphasis was placed on the joint utilization of available labor and resources within the village. After this system was abolished in 1982, no effective local government was ever developed again at the village level.

Because of this institutional void, villages have become largely powerless. They have to look upwards for any joint endeavor. To make the canal excavation program a success, the re-introduction of the village government must also be considered. However, one must also be careful so that it does not turn into a den of corruption and political division. The goal of this system should not be government funding, but rather the optimal use of available resources within the village through collective efforts.

Overall, it can be said that to make the program of excavating 20,000 kilometers of canals meaningful and fruitful, on the one hand, its technical and environmental objectives must be made clear, and on the other hand, the issue of necessary institutional reforms must be seriously taken into consideration.

 

Dr. Nazrul Islam

Professor, Asian Growth Research Institute
Former Chief of Development Research, United Nations
Founder, Bangladesh Environment Network (BEN)

 

The information presented here is an English adaptation based on the report published on The Daily Prothom Alo.